RFC5583
Network Working Group T. Schierl Request for Comments: 5583 Fraunhofer HHI Category: Standards Track S. Wenger
Independent
July 2009
Signaling Media Decoding Dependency in
the Session Description Protocol (SDP)
Abstract
This memo defines semantics that allow for signaling the decoding dependency of different media descriptions with the same media type in the Session Description Protocol (SDP). This is required, for example, if media data is separated and transported in different network streams as a result of the use of a layered or multiple descriptive media coding process.
A new grouping type "DDP" -- decoding dependency -- is defined, to be used in conjunction with RFC 3388 entitled "Grouping of Media Lines in the Session Description Protocol". In addition, an attribute is specified describing the relationship of the media streams in a "DDP" group indicated by media identification attribute(s) and media format description(s).
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
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This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other than English.
5.2.2. "depend" Attribute for Dependency Signaling
9. Informative Note on "The SDP (Session Description Protocol)
Contents
Introduction
An SDP session description may contain one or more media descriptions, each identifying a single media stream. A media description is identified by one "m=" line. Today, if more than one "m=" lines exist indicating the same media type, a receiver cannot identify a specific relationship between those media.
A Multiple Description Coding (MDC) or layered Media Bitstream contains, by definition, one or more Media Partitions that are conveyed in their own media stream. The cases we are interested in are layered and MDC Bitstreams with two or more Media Partitions. Carrying more than one Media Partition in its own session is one of the key use cases for employing layered or MDC-coded media. Senders, network elements, or receivers can suppress sending/forwarding/subscribing/decoding individual Media Partitions and still preserve perhaps suboptimal, but still useful, media quality.
One property of all Media Bitstreams relevant to this memo is that their Media Partitions have a well-defined usage relationship. For example, in layered coding, "higher" Media Partitions are useless without "lower" ones. In MDC coding, Media Partitions are complementary -- the more Media Partitions one receives, the better a reproduced quality may be. This document defines an SDP extension to indicate such a decoding dependency.
The trigger for the present memo has been the standardization process of the RTP payload format for the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension to ITU-T Rec. H.264 / MPEG-4 AVC [AVT-RTP-SVC]. When drafting [AVT-RTP-SVC], it was observed that the aforementioned lack in signaling support is one that is not specific to SVC, but applies to all layered or MDC codecs. Therefore, this memo presents a generic solution. Likely, the second technology utilizing the mechanisms of this memo will be Multi-View video coding. In Multi- View Coding (MVC) [AVT-RTP-MVC], layered dependencies between views are used to increase the coding efficiency, and, therefore, the properties of MVC with respect to the SDP signaling are comparable to those of SVC.
The mechanisms defined herein are media transport protocol dependent, and applicable only in conjunction with the use of RTP RFC3550.
The SDP grouping of Media Lines of different media types is out of scope of this memo.
Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 RFC2119.
Definitions
Media stream: As per RFC4566.
Media Bitstream: A valid, decodable stream, containing all Media Partitions generated by the encoder. A Media Bitstream normally conforms to a media coding standard.
Media Partition: A subset of a Media Bitstream intended for independent transportation. An integer number of Media Partitions forms a Media Bitstream. In layered coding, a Media Partition represents one or more layers that are handled as a unit. In MDC coding, a Media Partition represents one or more descriptions that are handled as a unit.
Decoding dependency: The class of relationships Media Partitions have to each other. At present, this memo defines two decoding dependencies: layered coding and Multiple Description Coding.
Layered coding dependency: Each Media Partition is only useful (i.e., can be decoded) when all of the Media Partitions it depends on are available. The dependencies between the Media Partitions therefore create a directed graph. Note: normally, in layered coding, the more Media Partitions are employed (following the rule above), the better a reproduced quality is possible.
Multiple Description Coding (MDC) dependency: N of M Media Partitions are required to form a Media Bitstream, but there is no hierarchy between these Media Partitions. Most MDC schemes aim at an increase of reproduced media quality when more media partitions are decoded. Some MDC schemes require more than one Media Partition to form an Operation Point.
Operation Point: In layered coding, a subset of a layered Media Bitstream that includes all Media Partitions required for reconstruction at a
certain point of quality, error resilience, or another property, and that does not include any other Media Partitions. In MDC coding, a subset of an MDC Media Bitstream that is compliant with the MDC coding standard in question.
Motivation, Use Cases, and Architecture
Motivation
This memo is concerned with two types of decoding dependencies: layered and multi-description. The transport of layered and Multiple Description Coding share as key motivators the desire for media adaptation to network conditions, i.e., related to bandwidth, error rates, connectivity of endpoints in multicast or broadcast scenarios, and the like.
o Layered decoding dependency:
In layered coding, the partitions of a Media Bitstream are known as media layers or simply layers. One or more layers may be transported in different media streams in the sense of RFC4566. A classic use case is known as receiver-driven layered multicast, in which a receiver selects a combination of media streams in response to quality or bit-rate requirements.
Back in the mid 1990s, the then-available layered media formats and codecs envisioned primarily (or even exclusively) a one- dimensional hierarchy of layers. That is, each so-called enhancement layer referred to exactly one layer "below". The single exception has been the base layer, which is self-contained. Therefore, the identification of one enhancement layer fully specifies the Operation Point of a layered coding scheme, including knowledge about all the other layers that need to be decoded.
SDP RFC4566 contains rudimentary support for exactly this use case and media formats, in that it allows for signaling a range of transport addresses in a certain media description. By definition, a higher transport address identifies a higher layer in the one-dimensional hierarchy. A receiver needs only to decode data conveyed over this transport address and lower transport addresses to decode this Operation Point.
Newer media formats depart from this simple one-dimensional hierarchy, in that highly complex (at least tree-shaped) dependency hierarchies can be implemented. Compelling use cases for these complex hierarchies have been identified by industry. Support for it is therefore desirable. However, SDP, in its
current form, does not allow for the signaling of these complex relationships. Therefore, receivers cannot make an informed decision on which layers to subscribe (in case of layered multicast).
Layered decoding dependencies may also exist in a Multi-View Coding environment. Views may be coded using inter-view dependencies to increase coding efficiency. This results in Media Bitstreams, that logically may be separated into Media Partitions representing different views of the reconstructed video signal. These Media Partitions cannot be decoded independently, and, therefore, other Media Partitions are required for reconstruction. To express this relationship, the signaling needs to express the dependencies of the views, which in turn are Media Partitions in the sense of this document.
o Multiple descriptive decoding dependency:
In the most basic form of MDC, each Media Partition forms an independent representation of the media. That is, decoding of any of the Media Partitions yields useful reproduced media data. When more than one Media Partition is available, then a decoder can process them jointly, and the resulting media quality increases. The highest reproduced quality is available if all original Media Partitions are available for decoding.
More complex forms of Multiple Description Coding can also be envisioned, i.e., where, as a minimum, N-out-of-M total Media Partitions need to be available to allow meaningful decoding.
MDC has not yet been embraced heavily by the media standardization community, though it is the subject of a lot of academic research. As an example, we refer to [MDC].
In this memo, we cover MDC because we a) envision that MDC media formats will come into practical use within the lifetime of this memo, and b) the solution for its signaling is very similar to the one of layered coding.
o Other decoding dependency relationships:
At the time of writing, no decoding dependency relationships beyond the two mentioned above have been identified that would warrant standardization. However, the mechanisms of this memo could be extended by introducing new codepoints for new decoding dependency types. If such an extension becomes necessary, as formally required in Section 5.2.2, the new decoding dependency type MUST be documented in an IETF Standards-Track document.
Use Cases
o Receiver-driven layered multicast:
This technology is discussed in RFC3550 and references therein. We refrain from elaborating further; the subject is well known and understood.
o Multiple end-to-end transmission with different properties:
Assume a unicast and point-to-point topology, wherein one endpoint sends media to another. Assume further that different forms of media transmission are available. The difference may lie in the cost of the transmission (free, charged), in the available protection (unprotected/secure), in the quality of service (QoS) (guaranteed quality / best effort), or other factors.
Layered and MDC coding allows matching of the media characteristics to the available transmission path(s). For example, in layered coding, it makes sense to convey the base layer over high QoS. Enhancement layers, on the other hand, can be conveyed over best effort, as they are "optional" in their characteristic -- nice to have, but non-essential for media consumption. In a different scenario, the base layer may be offered in a non-encrypted session as a free preview. An encrypted enhancement layer references this base layer and allows optimal quality play-back; however, it is only accessible to users who have the key, which may have been distributed by a conditional access mechanism.
Signaling Media Dependencies
Design Principles
The dependency signaling is only feasible between media descriptions described with an "m="-line and with an assigned media identification attribute ("mid"), as defined in RFC3388. All media descriptions grouped according to this specification MUST have the same media type. Other dependencies relations expressed by SDP grouping have to be addressed in other specifications. A media description MUST NOT be part of more than one group of the grouping type defined in this specification.
Semantics
SDP Grouping Semantics for Decoding Dependency
This specification defines a new grouping semantic Decoding Dependency "DDP":
DDP associates a media stream, identified by its mid attribute, with a DDP group. Each media stream MUST be composed of an integer number of Media Partitions. A media stream is identified by a session- unique media format description (RTP payload type number) within a media description. In a DDP group, all media streams MUST have the same type of decoding dependency (as signaled by the attribute defined in Section 5.2.2). All media streams MUST contain at least one Operation Point. The DDP group type informs a receiver about the requirement for handling the media streams of the group according to the new media level attribute "depend", as defined in Section 5.2.2.
When using multiple codecs, e.g., for the Offer/Answer model, the media streams MUST have the same dependency structure, regardless of which media format description (RTP payload type number) is used.
"depend" Attribute for Dependency Signaling per Media-Stream
This memo defines a new media-level attribute, "depend", with the following ABNF RFC5234. The identification-tag is defined in RFC3388. In the following ABNF, fmt, token, SP, and CRLF are used as defined in RFC4566.
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depend-attribute =
"a=depend:" dependent-fmt SP dependency-tag
*(";" SP dependent-fmt SP dependency-tag) CRLF
dependency-tag =
dependency-type *1( SP identification-tag ":"
fmt-dependency *("," fmt-dependency ))
dependency-type = "lay"
/ "mdc"
/ token
dependent-fmt = fmt
fmt-dependency = fmt
dependency-tag indicates one or more dependencies of one dependent-
fmt in the media description. These dependencies are signaled as
fmt-dependency values, which indicate fmt values of other media
descriptions. These other media descriptions are identified by their
identification-tag values in the depend-attribute. There MUST be
exactly one dependency-tag indicated per dependent-fmt.
dependent-fmt indicates the media format description, as defined in
RFC4566, that depends on one or more media format descriptions in
the media description indicated by the value of the identification-
tag within the dependency-tag.
fmt-dependency indicates the media format description in the media
description identified by the identification-tag within the
dependency-tag, on which the dependent-fmt of the dependent media
description depends. In case a list of fmt-dependency values is
given, any element of the list is sufficient to satisfy the
dependency, at the choice of the decoding entity.
The depend-attribute describes the decoding dependency. The depend-
attribute MUST be followed by a sequence of dependent-fmt and the
corresponding dependency-tag fields, which identify all related media
format descriptions in all related media descriptions of the
dependent-fmt. The attribute MAY be used with multicast as well as
with unicast transport addresses. The following dependency-type
values are defined in this memo:
o lay: Layered decoding dependency -- identifies the described media
stream as one or more Media Partitions of a layered Media
Bitstream. When "lay" is used, all media streams required
for decoding the Operation Point MUST be identified by
identification-tag and fmt-dependency following the "lay"
string.
o mdc: Multi-descriptive decoding dependency -- signals that the
described media stream is part of a set of a MDC Media
Bitstream. By definition, at least N-out-of-M media streams
of the group need to be available to from an Operation Point.
The values of N and M depend on the properties of the Media
Bitstream and are not signaled within this context. When
"mdc" is used, all required media streams for the Operation
Point MUST be identified by identification-tag and fmt-
dependency following the "mdc" string.
Further, dependency types MUST be defined in a Standards-Track
document.
Usage of New Semantics in SDP
Usage with the SDP Offer/Answer Model
The backward compatibility in Offer/Answer is generally handled as
specified in Section 8.4 of RFC3388, as summarized below.
Depending on the implementation, a node that does not understand DDP
grouping (either does not understand line grouping at all, or just
does not understand the DDP semantics) SHOULD respond to an offer
containing DDP grouping either (1) with an answer that ignores the
grouping attribute or (2) with a refusal to the request (e.g., 488
Not acceptable here or 606 Not acceptable in SIP).
In case (1), if the original sender of the offer still wishes to
establish communications, it SHOULD generate a new offer with a
single media stream that represents an Operation Point. Note: in
most cases, this will be the base layer of a layered Media Bitstream,
equally possible are Operation Points containing a set of enhancement
layers as long as all are part of a single media stream. In case
(2), if the sender of the original offer has identified that the
refusal to the request is caused by the use of DDP grouping, and if
the sender of the offer still wishes to establish the session, it
SHOULD retry the request with an offer including only a single media
stream.
If the answerer understands the DDP semantics, it is necessary to
take the "depend" attribute into consideration in the Offer/Answer
procedure. The main rule for the "depend" attribute is that the
offerer decides the number of media streams and the dependency
between them. The answerer cannot change the dependency relations.
For unicast sessions where the answerer receives media, i.e., for
offers including media streams that have a directionality indicated
by "sendonly", "sendrecv", or have no directionality indicated, the
answerer MAY remove media Operation Points. The answerer MUST use
the dependency relations provided in the offer when sending media.
The answerer MAY send according to all of the Operation Points
present in the offer, even if the answerer has removed some of those
Operation Points. Thus, an answerer can limit the number of
Operation Points being delivered to the answerer while the answerer
can still send media to the offerer using all of the Operation Points
indicated in the offer.
For multicast sessions, the answerer MUST accept all Operation Points
and their related decoding dependencies or MUST remove non-accepted
Operation Points completely. Due to the nature of multicast, the
receiver can select which Operation Points it actually receives and
processes. For multicast sessions that allow the answerer to also
send data, the answerer MAY send all of the offered Operation Points.
In any case, if the answerer cannot accept one or more offered
Operation Points and/or the media stream's dependencies, the answerer
MAY re-invite with an offer including acceptable Operation Points
and/or dependencies.
Note: Applications may limit the possibility of performing a re-
invite. The previous offer is also a good hint to the capabilities
of the other agent.
Declarative usage
If a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) receiver understands
signaling according to this memo, it SHALL set up all media streams
that are required to decode the Operation Point of its choice.
If an RTSP receiver does not understand the signaling defined within
this memo, it falls back to normal SDP processing. Two likely cases
have to be distinguished: (1) if at least one of the media types
included in the SDP is within the receiver's capabilities, it selects
among those candidates according to implementation specific criteria
for setup, as usual. (2) If none of the media types included in the
SDP can be processed, then obviously no setup can occur.
Usage with AVP and SAVP RTP Profiles
The signaling mechanisms defined in this document MUST NOT be used to
negotiate between using the attribute-value pair (AVP) RFC3551 and
SAVP RFC3711 profile for RTP. However, both profiles MAY be used
separately or jointly with the signaling mechanism defined in this
document.
Usage with Capability Negotiation
This memo does not cover the interaction with Capability Negotiation
[MMUSIC]. This issue is for further study and will be addressed in a
different memo.
Examples
a.) Example for signaling layered decoding dependency:
The example below shows a session description with three media
descriptions, all of type video and with layered decoding
dependency ("lay"). Each of the media descriptions includes two
possible media format descriptions with different encoding
parameters as, e.g., "packetization-mode" (not shown in the
example) for the media subtypes "H264" and "H264-SVC" given by the
"a=rtpmap:"-line. The first media description includes two H264
payload types as media format descriptions, "96" and "97", as
defined in RFC3984 and represents the base layer Operation Point
(identified by "mid:L1"). The two other media descriptions
(identified by "mid:L2" and "mid:L3") include H264-SVC payload
types as defined in [AVT-RTP-SVC], which contain enhancements to
the base layer Operation Point or the first enhancement layer
Operation Point (media description identified by "mid:L2").
The example shows the dependencies of the media format
descriptions of the different media descriptions indicated by
"DDP" grouping, "mid", and "depend" attributes. The "depend"
attribute is used with the decoding dependency type "lay"
indicating layered decoding dependency. For example, the third
media description ("m=video 40004...") identified by "mid:L3" has
different dependencies on the media format descriptions of the two
other media descriptions: Media format description "100" depends
on media format description "96" or "97" of the media description
indentified by "mid:L1". This is an exclusive-OR, i.e., payload
type "100" may be used with payload type "96" or with "97", but
one of the two combinations is required for decoding payload type
"100".
For media format description "101", it is different. This one
depends on two of the other media descriptions at the same time,
i.e., it depends on media format description "97" of the media
description indentified by "mid:L1" and it also depends on media
format description "99" of the media description indentified by
"mid:L2". For decoding media format description "101", both media
format description "97" and media format description "99" are
required by definition.
v=0
o=svcsrv 289083124 289083124 IN IP4 host.example.com
s=LAYERED VIDEO SIGNALING Seminar
t=0 0
c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1/127
a=group:DDP L1 L2 L3
m=video 40000 RTP/AVP 96 97
b=AS:90
a=framerate:15
a=rtpmap:96 H264/90000
a=rtpmap:97 H264/90000
a=mid:L1
m=video 40002 RTP/AVP 98 99
b=AS:64
a=framerate:15
a=rtpmap:98 H264-SVC/90000
a=rtpmap:99 H264-SVC/90000
a=mid:L2
a=depend:98 lay L1:96,97; 99 lay L1:97
m=video 40004 RTP/AVP 100 101
b=AS:128
a=framerate:30
a=rtpmap:100 H264-SVC/90000
a=rtpmap:101 H264-SVC/90000
a=mid:L3
a=depend:100 lay L1:96,97; 101 lay L1:97 L2:99
b.) Example for signaling of multi-descriptive decoding dependency:
The example shows a session description with three media
descriptions, all of type video and with multi-descriptive
decoding dependency. Each of the media descriptions includes one
media format description. The example shows the dependencies of
the media format descriptions of the different media descriptions
indicated by "DDP" grouping, "mid", and "depend" attributes. The
"depend" attribute is used with the decoding dependency type "mdc"
indicating layered decoding dependency. For example, media format
description "104" in the media description ("m=video 40000...")
with "mid:M1" depends on the two other media descriptions. It
depends on media format description "105" of media description
with "mid:M2", and it also depends on media format description
"106" of media description with "mid:M3". In case of the multi-
descriptive decoding dependency, media format description "105"
and "106" can be used by definition to enhance the decoding
process of media format description "104", but they are not
required for decoding.
v=0
o=mdcsrv 289083124 289083124 IN IP4 host.example.com
s=MULTI DESCRIPTION VIDEO SIGNALING Seminar
t=0 0
c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1/127
a=group:DDP M1 M2 M3
m=video 40000 RTP/AVP 104
a=mid:M1
a=depend:104 mdc M2:105 M3:106
m=video 40002 RTP/AVP 105
a=mid:M2
a=depend:105 mdc M1:104 M3:106
m=video 40004 RTP/AVP 106
a=mid:M3
a=depend:106 mdc M1:104 M2:105
Security Considerations
All security implications of SDP apply.
There may be a risk of manipulation of the dependency signaling of a
session description by an attacker. This may mislead a receiver or
middle box, e.g., a receiver may try to compose a Media Bitstream out
of several RTP packet streams that does not form an Operation Point,
although the signaling made it believe it would form a valid
Operation Point, with potential fatal consequences for the media
decoding process. It is recommended that the receiver SHOULD perform
an integrity check on SDP and follow the security considerations of
SDP to only trust SDP from trusted sources.
IANA Considerations
The following contact information shall be used for all registrations
included here:
Contact: Thomas Schierl
email: [email protected]
tel: +49-30-31002-227
The following semantics have been registered by IANA in Semantics for
the "group" SDP Attribute under SDP Parameters.
Semantics Token Reference
----- ---------
Decoding Dependency DDP RFC 5583
The SDP media-level attribute "depend" has been registered by IANA in
Semantics for "att-field (media level only)". The registration
procedure in Section 8.2.4 of RFC4566 applies.
SDP Attribute ("att-field (media level only)"):
Attribute name: depend
Long form: decoding dependency
Type of name: att-field
Type of attribute: media level only
Subject to charset: no
Purpose: RFC 5583
Reference: RFC 5583
Values: see this document and registrations below.
The following semantics have been registered by IANA in Semantics for
the "depend" SDP Attribute under SDP Parameters:
Semantics of the "depend" SDP attribute:
Semantics Token Reference
----- ---------
Layered decoding dependency lay RFC 5583
Multi-descriptive decoding dependency mdc RFC 5583
New registrations for semantics of the "depend" SDP attribute are
added by the "Specification Required" policy as defined in RFC5226.
Informative Note on "The SDP (Session Description Protocol)
Grouping Framework"
Currently, there is ongoing work on [RFC3388bis]. In [RFC3388bis],
the grouping mechanism is extended in a way that a media description
can be part of more than one group of the same grouping type in the
same session description. However, media descriptions grouped by
this document must be at most part of one group of the type "DDP" in
the same session description.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
RFC2119 Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
RFC3388 Camarillo, G., Eriksson, G., Holler, J., and H.
Schulzrinne, "Grouping of Media Lines in the Session
Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3388, December 2002.
RFC3550 Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.
RFC3551 Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio
and Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65,
RFC 3551, July 2003.
RFC3711 Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and
K. Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
(SRTP)", RFC 3711, March 2004.
RFC4566 Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP:
Session Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
RFC5226 Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing
an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC
5226, May 2008.
RFC5234 Crocker, D., Ed., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for
Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January
2008.
10.2. Informative References
[AVT-RTP-SVC] Wenger, S., Wang Y.-K., Schierl, T. and A.
Eleftheriadis, "RTP Payload Format for SVC Video", Work
in Progress, March 2009.
[RFC3388bis] Camarillo, G "The SDP (Session Description Protocol)
Grouping Framework", Work in Progress, January 2009.
[MMUSIC] Andreasen, F., "SDP Capability Negotiation", Work in
Progress, May 2009.
[AVT-RTP-MVC] Wang, Y.-K. and T. Schierl, "RTP Payload Format for MVC
Video", Work in Progress, February 2009.
[MDC] Vitali, A., Borneo, A., Fumagalli, M., and R. Rinaldo,
"Video over IP using Standard-Compatible Multiple
Description Coding: an IETF proposal", Packet Video
Workshop, April 2006, Hangzhou, China.
RFC3984 Wenger, S., Hannuksela, M., Stockhammer, T.,
Westerlund, M., and D. Singer, "RTP Payload Format for
H.264 Video", RFC 3984, February 2005.
Appendix A. Acknowledgements
The author Thomas Schierl of Fraunhofer HHI is sponsored by the
European Commission under the contract number FP7-ICT-214063, project
SEA.
We want to also thank Magnus Westerlund, Joerg Ott, Ali Begen, Dan
Wing, Helmut Burklin, and Jean-Francois Mule for their valuable and
constructive comments to this memo.
Authors' Addresses
Thomas Schierl
Fraunhofer HHI
Einsteinufer 37
D-10587 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49-30-31002-227
EMail: [email protected]
Stephan Wenger
2400 Skyfarm Dr.
Hillsborough, CA 94010
USA
Phone: +1-415-713-5473
EMail: [email protected]
