RFC6895
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) D. Eastlake 3rd Request for Comments: 6895 Huawei BCP: 42 April 2013 Obsoletes: 6195 Updates: 1183, 2845, 2930, 3597 Category: Best Current Practice ISSN: 2070-1721
Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations
Abstract
This document specifies Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) parameter assignment considerations for the allocation of Domain Name System (DNS) resource record types, CLASSes, operation codes, error codes, DNS protocol message header bits, and AFSDB resource record subtypes. It obsoletes RFC 6195 and updates RFCs 1183, 2845, 2930, and 3597.
Status of This Memo
This memo documents an Internet Best Current Practice.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on BCPs is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6895.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
Contents
Introduction
The Domain Name System (DNS) provides replicated distributed secure hierarchical databases that store "resource records" (RRs) under domain names. DNS data is structured into CLASSes and zones that can be independently maintained. Familiarity with RFC1034, RFC1035, RFC2136, RFC2181, and RFC4033 is assumed.
This document provides, either directly or by reference, the general IANA parameter assignment considerations that apply across DNS query and response headers and all RRs. There may be additional IANA considerations that apply to only a particular RRTYPE or query/response OpCode. See the specific RFC defining that RRTYPE or query/response OpCode for such considerations if they have been defined, except for AFSDB RR considerations RFC1183, which are included herein. This RFC obsoletes RFC6195; however, the only significant changes are those to the RRTYPE IANA allocation process, aimed at streamlining it and clarifying the expected behavior of the parties involved, and the closing of the AFSDB subtype registry.
IANA currently maintains a web page of DNS parameters available from <http://www.iana.org>.
Terminology
"Standards Action", "IETF Review", "Specification Required", and "Private Use" are as defined in RFC5226.
DNS Query/Response Headers
The header for DNS queries and responses contains field/bits in the following diagram taken from RFC2136:
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| ID |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|QR| OpCode |AA|TC|RD|RA| Z|AD|CD| RCODE |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| QDCOUNT/ZOCOUNT |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| ANCOUNT/PRCOUNT |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| NSCOUNT/UPCOUNT |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| ARCOUNT |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
The ID field identifies the query and is echoed in the response so they can be matched.
The QR bit indicates whether the header is for a query or a response.
The AA, TC, RD, RA, and CD bits are each theoretically meaningful only in queries or only in responses, depending on the bit. The AD bit was only meaningful in responses but is expected to have a separate but related meaning in queries (see Section 5.7 of RFC6840). Only the RD and CD bits are expected to be copied from the query to the response; however, some DNS implementations copy all the query header as the initial value of the response header. Thus, any attempt to use a "query" bit with a different meaning in a response or to define a query meaning for a "response" bit may be dangerous, given the existing implementation. Meanings for these bits may only be assigned by a Standards Action.
The unsigned integer fields query count (QDCOUNT), answer count (ANCOUNT), authority count (NSCOUNT), and additional information count (ARCOUNT) express the number of records in each section for all OpCodes except Update RFC2136. These fields have the same
structure and data type for Update but are instead the counts for the zone (ZOCOUNT), prerequisite (PRCOUNT), update (UPCOUNT), and additional information (ARCOUNT) sections.
One Spare Bit?
There have been ancient DNS implementations for which the Z bit being on in a query meant that only a response from the primary server for a zone is acceptable. It is believed that current DNS implementations ignore this bit.
Assigning a meaning to the Z bit requires a Standards Action.
OpCode Assignment
Currently, DNS OpCodes are assigned as follows:
OpCode Name Reference
0 Query RFC1035 1 IQuery (Inverse Query, OBSOLETE) RFC3425 2 Status RFC1035 3 Unassigned 4 Notify RFC1996 5 Update RFC2136 6-15 Unassigned
Although the Status OpCode is reserved in RFC1035, its behavior has not been specified. New OpCode assignments require a Standards Action with early allocation permitted as specified in RFC4020.
RCODE Assignment
It would appear from the DNS header above that only four bits of RCODE, or response/error code, are available. However, RCODEs can appear not only at the top level of a DNS response but also inside TSIG RRs RFC2845, TKEY RRs RFC2930, and extended by OPT RRs RFC6891. The OPT RR provides an 8-bit extension to the 4 header bits, resulting in a 12-bit RCODE field, and the TSIG and TKEY RRs have a 16-bit field designated in their RFCs as the "Error" field.
Error codes appearing in the DNS header and in these other RR types all refer to the same error code space with the exception of error code 16, which has a different meaning in the OPT RR than in the TSIG RR, and error code 9, whose variations are described after the table below. The duplicate assignment of 16 was accidental. To the extent that any prior RFCs imply any sort of different error number space for the OPT, TSIG, or TKEY RRs, they are superseded by this unified
DNS error number space. (This paragraph is the reason this document updates RFC2845 and RFC2930.) With the existing exceptions of error numbers 9 and 16, the same error number must not be assigned for different errors even if they would only occur in different RR types. See table below.
RCODE Name Description Reference
Decimal
Hexadecimal
0 NoError No Error RFC1035 1 FormErr Format Error RFC1035 2 ServFail Server Failure RFC1035 3 NXDomain Non-Existent Domain RFC1035 4 NotImp Not Implemented RFC1035 5 Refused Query Refused RFC1035 6 YXDomain Name Exists when it should not RFC2136 7 YXRRSet RR Set Exists when it should not RFC2136 8 NXRRSet RR Set that should exist does not RFC2136 9 NotAuth Server Not Authoritative for zone RFC2136 9 NotAuth Not Authorized RFC2845 10 NotZone Name not contained in zone RFC2136
11 - 15
0xB - 0xF Unassigned
16 BADVERS Bad OPT Version RFC6891 16 BADSIG TSIG Signature Failure RFC2845 17 BADKEY Key not recognized RFC2845 18 BADTIME Signature out of time window RFC2845 19 BADMODE Bad TKEY Mode RFC2930 20 BADNAME Duplicate key name RFC2930 21 BADALG Algorithm not supported RFC2930 22 BADTRUNC Bad Truncation RFC4635
23 - 3,840 0x0017 - 0x0F00 Unassigned
3,841 - 4,095 0x0F01 - 0x0FFF Reserved for Private Use
4,096 - 65,534 0x1000 - 0xFFFE Unassigned
65,535
0xFFFF Reserved; can only be allocated by Standards
Action.
Note on error number 9 (NotAuth): This error number means either "Not Authoritative" RFC2136 or "Not Authorized" RFC2845. If 9 appears as the RCODE in the header of a DNS response without a TSIG RR or with a TSIG RR having a zero error field, then it means "Not Authoritative". If 9 appears as the RCODE in the header of a DNS response that includes a TSIG RR with a non-zero error field, then it means "Not Authorized".
Since it is important that RCODEs be understood for interoperability, assignment of a new RCODE in the ranges listed above as "Unassigned" requires an IETF Review.
DNS Resource Records
All RRs have the same top-level format, shown in the figure below taken from RFC1035.
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| |
/ /
/ NAME /
/ /
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| TYPE |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| CLASS |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| TTL |
| |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| RDLENGTH |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--|
/ RDATA /
/ /
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
NAME is an owner name, i.e., the name of the node to which this resource record pertains. NAMEs are specific to a CLASS as described in Section 3.2. NAMEs consist of an ordered sequence of one or more labels, each of which has a label type RFC1035 RFC6891.
TYPE is a 2-octet unsigned integer containing one of the RRTYPE codes. See Section 3.1.
CLASS is a 2-octet unsigned integer containing one of the RR CLASS codes. See Section 3.2.
TTL is a 4-octet (32-bit) unsigned integer that specifies, for data TYPEs, the number of seconds that the resource record may be cached before the source of the information should again be consulted. Zero is interpreted to mean that the RR can only be used for the transaction in progress.
RDLENGTH is an unsigned 16-bit integer that specifies the length in octets of the RDATA field.
RDATA is a variable-length string of octets that constitutes the resource. The format of this information varies according to the TYPE and, in some cases, the CLASS of the resource record.
RRTYPE IANA Considerations
There are three subcategories of RRTYPE numbers: data TYPEs, QTYPEs, and Meta-TYPEs.
Data TYPEs are the means of storing data. QTYPES can only be used in queries. Meta-TYPEs designate transient data associated with a particular DNS message and, in some cases, can also be used in queries. Thus far, data TYPEs have been assigned from 1 upward, plus the block from 100 through 103, and from 32,768 upward, while Q and Meta-TYPEs have been assigned from 255 downward except for the OPT Meta-RR, which is assigned TYPE 41. There have been DNS implementations that made caching decisions based on the top bit of the bottom byte of the RRTYPE.
There are currently three Meta-TYPEs assigned: OPT RFC6891, TSIG RFC2845, and TKEY RFC2930. There are currently five QTYPEs assigned: * (ALL/ANY), MAILA, MAILB, AXFR, and IXFR.
Allocated RRTYPEs have mnemonics that must be completely disjoint from the mnemonics used for CLASSes and that must match the regular expression below. In addition, the generic CLASS and RRTYPE names specified in Section 5 of RFC3597 cannot be assigned as new RRTYPE mnemonics.
[A-Z][A-Z0-9\-]*[A-Z0-9]
but not
(TYPE|CLASS)[0-9]*
Considerations for the allocation of new RRTYPEs are as follows:
Decimal Hexadecimal Assignment Policy
0
0x0000 RRTYPE zero is used as a special indicator for the
SIG(0) RR RFC2931 RFC4034 and in other
circumstances and must never be allocated for
ordinary use.
1 - 127
0x0001 - 0x007F Remaining RRTYPEs in this range are assigned for
data TYPEs by the DNS RRTYPE Allocation Policy as
specified in Section 3.1.1.
128 - 255
0x0080 - 0x00FF Remaining RRTYPEs in this range are assigned for Q
and Meta-TYPEs by the DNS RRTYPE Allocation Policy
as specified in Section 3.1.1.
256 - 61,439
0x0100 - 0xEFFF Remaining RRTYPEs in this range are assigned for
data RRTYPEs by the DNS RRTYPE Allocation Policy
as specified in Section 3.1.1. (32,768 and 32,769
(0x8000 and 0x8001) have been assigned.)
61,440 - 65,279
0xF000 - 0xFEFF Reserved for future use. IETF Review required to
define use.
65,280 - 65,534 0xFF00 - 0xFFFE Reserved for Private Use.
65,535 0xFFFF Reserved (Standards Action)
DNS RRTYPE Allocation Policy
Parameter values specified in Section 3.1 above, as assigned based on DNS RRTYPE Allocation Policy, are allocated by Expert Review if they meet the two requirements listed below. There will be a pool of a small number of Experts appointed by the IESG. Each application will be judged by an Expert selected by IANA. In any case where the selected Expert is unavailable or states they have a conflict of interest, IANA may select another Expert from the pool. Some guidelines for the Experts are given in Section 3.1.2.
RRTYPEs that do not meet the requirements below may nonetheless be allocated by a Standards Action with early allocation permitted as specified in RFC4020.
1. A complete template as specified in Appendix A has been posted to
the [email protected] mailing list and received by the Expert.
Note that the posting of partially completed, draft, or formally submitted templates to [email protected] by the applicant or Expert for comment and discussion is highly encouraged. Before formal submission of an RRTYPE template, we recommend submitting it for community review and considering the responses in order to reduce the probability of initial rejection and the need for modification and resubmission.
2. The RR for which an RRTYPE code is being requested is either (a) a
data TYPE that can be handled as an Unknown RR as described in RFC3597 or (b) a Meta-TYPE whose processing is optional, i.e., it is safe to simply discard RRs with that Meta-TYPE in queries or responses.
Note that such RRs may include additional section processing, provided such processing is optional.
After the applicant submits their formal application to IANA by sending the completed template specified in Appendix A to the [email protected] mailing list, IANA appoints an Expert and sends the completed template to the Expert, copying the applicant. No more than two weeks after receiving the application, the Expert shall explicitly approve or reject the application, informing IANA, the applicant, and the [email protected] mailing list. A rejection should include the reason for rejection and may include suggestions for improvement. The Expert should consult with other technical experts and the [email protected] mailing list as necessary. If the Expert does not approve the application within this period, it is considered rejected. IANA should report non-responsive Experts to the IESG.
IANA shall maintain a public archive of approved templates. In addition, if the required description of the RRTYPE applied for is referenced by URL, a copy of the document so referenced should be included in the archive.
DNS RRTYPE Expert Guidelines
The Designated Expert should normally be lenient, preferring to approve most requests. However, the Expert should usually reject any RRTYPE allocation request that meets one or more of the following criteria:
1. The request was documented in a manner that was not sufficiently
clear or complete to evaluate or implement. (Additional documentation can be provided during the Expert Review period.)
2. The proposed RRTYPE or RRTYPEs affect DNS processing and do not
meet the criteria in point 2 of Section 3.1.1 above.
3. Application use as documented makes incorrect assumptions about
DNS protocol behavior, such as wildcards, CNAME, DNAME, etc.
4. An excessive number of RRTYPE values is being requested when the
purpose could be met with a smaller number of values or with Private Use values.
Special Note on the OPT RR
The OPT (OPTion) RR (RRTYPE 41) and its IANA considerations are specified in RFC6891. Its primary purpose is to extend the effective field size of various DNS fields, including RCODE, label type, OpCode, flag bits, and RDATA size. In particular, for resolvers and servers that recognize it, it extends the RCODE field from 4 to 12 bits.
The AFSDB RR Subtype Field
The AFSDB RR RFC1183 is a CLASS-insensitive RR that has the same RDATA field structure as the MX RR RFC1035, but the 16-bit unsigned integer field at the beginning of the RDATA is interpreted as a subtype as shown below. Use of the AFSDB RR to locate AFS cell database servers was deprecated by RFC5864. This subtype registry is hereby closed, and allocation of new subtypes is no longer permitted.
Decimal Hexadecimal Assignment Policy
0 0x0000 Reserved; registry closed
1 0x0001 AFS v3.0 Location Service RFC1183
2 0x0002 DCE/NCA root cell directory node RFC1183
3 - 65,279 0x0003 - 0xFEFF Not allocated; registry closed
65,280 - 65,534 0xFF00 - 0xFFFE Private Use
65,535 0xFFFF Reserved; registry closed
RR CLASS IANA Considerations
There are currently two subcategories of DNS CLASSes: normal, data- containing classes; and QCLASSes that are only meaningful in queries or updates.
DNS CLASSes have been little used but constitute another dimension of the DNS distributed database. In particular, there is no necessary relationship between the namespace or root servers for one data CLASS and those for another data CLASS. The same DNS NAME can have completely different meanings in different CLASSes. The label types are the same, and the null label is usable only as root in every CLASS. As global networking and DNS have evolved, the IN, or Internet, CLASS has dominated DNS use.
As yet, there has not been a requirement for "Meta-CLASSes". That would be a CLASS to designate transient data associated with a particular DNS message, which might be usable in queries. However, it is possible that there might be a future requirement for one or more "Meta-CLASSes".
Assigned CLASSes have mnemonics that must be completely disjoint from the mnemonics used for RRTYPEs and that must match the regular expression below. In addition, the generic CLASS and RRTYPE names specified in Section 5 of RFC3597 cannot be assigned as new CLASS mnemonics.
[A-Z][A-Z0-9\-]*[A-Z0-9]
but not
(CLASS|TYPE)[0-9]*
The current CLASS assignments and considerations for future assignments are as follows:
Decimal Hexadecimal Assignment / Policy, Reference
0 0x0000 Reserved; assignment requires a Standards Action.
1 0x0001 Internet (IN) RFC1035
2
0x0002 Available for assignment by IETF Review as a data
CLASS.
3 0x0003 Chaos (CH) [Moon1981]
4 0x0004 Hesiod (HS) [Dyer1987]
5 - 127
0x0005 - 0x007F Available for assignment by IETF Review for data
CLASSes only.
128 - 253
0x0080 - 0x00FD Available for assignment by IETF Review for
QCLASSes and Meta-CLASSes only.
254 0x00FE QCLASS NONE RFC2136
255 0x00FF QCLASS * (ANY) RFC1035
256 - 32,767 0x0100 - 0x7FFF Available for assignment by IETF Review.
32,768 - 57,343
0x8000 - 0xDFFF Available for assignment to data CLASSes only;
Specification Required.
57,344 - 65,279
0xE000 - 0xFEFF Available for assignment to QCLASSes and
Meta-CLASSes only; Specification Required.
65,280 - 65,534 0xFF00 - 0xFFFE Private Use
65,535
0xFFFF Reserved; can only be assigned by a Standards
Action.
Label Considerations
DNS NAMEs are sequences of labels RFC1035.
Label Types
At the present time, there are two categories of label types: data labels and compression labels. Compression labels are pointers to data labels elsewhere within an RR or DNS message and are intended to shorten the wire encoding of NAMEs.
The two existing data label types are sometimes referred to as Text and Binary. Text labels can, in fact, include any octet value including zero-value octets, but many current uses involve only printing ASCII characters [US-ASCII]. For retrieval, Text labels are defined to treat ASCII uppercase and lowercase letter codes as matching RFC4343. Binary labels are bit sequences RFC2673. The Binary Label type is Historic RFC6891.
Label Contents and Use
The last label in each NAME is "ROOT", which is the zero-length label. By definition, the null or ROOT label cannot be used for any other NAME purpose.
NAMEs are local to a CLASS. The Hesiod [Dyer1987] and Chaos [Moon1981] CLASSes are for essentially local use. The IN, or Internet, CLASS is thus the only DNS CLASS in global use on the Internet at this time.
A somewhat out-of-date description of name allocation in the IN CLASS is given in RFC1591. Some information on reserved top-level domain names is in BCP 32 RFC2606.
Security Considerations
This document addresses IANA considerations in the allocation of general DNS parameters, not security. See RFC4033, RFC4034, and RFC4035 for secure DNS considerations.
IANA Considerations
This document consists entirely of DNS IANA considerations.
IANA has established a process for accepting Appendix A templates and selecting an Expert from those appointed to review such template form applications. IANA forwards the template to the Expert, copying the applicant. IANA archives and makes available all approved RRTYPE allocation templates and referred documentation (unless it is readily available at a stable URI). It is the duty of the applicant to post the formal application template to the [email protected] mailing list, which IANA will monitor. The [email protected] mailing list is for community discussion and comment. See Section 3.1 and Appendix A for more details.
Appendix A. RRTYPE Allocation Template
DNS RRTYPE PARAMETER ALLOCATION TEMPLATE
When ready for formal consideration, this template is to be submitted to IANA for processing by emailing the template to dns-rrtype- [email protected].
A. Submission Date:
B.1 Submission Type: [ ] New RRTYPE [ ] Modification to RRTYPE B.2 Kind of RR: [ ] Data RR [ ] Meta-RR
C. Contact Information for submitter (will be publicly posted):
Name: Email Address: International telephone number: Other contact handles:
D. Motivation for the new RRTYPE application.
Please keep this part at a high level to inform the Expert and reviewers about uses of the RRTYPE. Most reviewers will be DNS experts that may have limited knowledge of your application space.
E. Description of the proposed RR type.
This description can be provided in-line in the template, as an attachment, or with a publicly available URL.
F. What existing RRTYPE or RRTYPEs come closest to filling that need
and why are they unsatisfactory?
G. What mnemonic is requested for the new RRTYPE (optional)?
Note: If a mnemonic is not supplied, not allowed, or duplicates an existing RRTYPE or CLASS mnemonic, the Expert will assign a mnemonic.
H. Does the requested RRTYPE make use of any existing IANA registry
or require the creation of a new IANA subregistry in DNS Parameters? If so, please indicate which registry is to be used or created. If a new subregistry is needed, specify the allocation policy for it and its initial contents. Also include what the modification procedures will be.
I. Does the proposal require/expect any changes in DNS
servers/resolvers that prevent the new type from being processed as an unknown RRTYPE (see RFC3597)?
J. Comments:
Appendix B. Changes from RFC 6195
Dropped description of changes from RFC 5395 to RFC6195, since those changes have already happened and we don't need to do them again. Added description of changes from RFC6195 to this document.
Cut back RRTYPE Expert Review period to two weeks and eliminated the mandatory [email protected] comment period. Changed workflow description for RRTYPE review and allocation to correspond more closely to actual practice.
Closed the AFSDB subtype registry and added an informative reference to RFC5864 where the use of the AFSDB RR to locate AFS cell database servers is deprecated.
Clarified IANA archiving of referenced documentation as well as approved RRTYPE application template.
In the RRTYPE application template, changed the label of question "B" to "B.1" and added "B.2" to ask about the kind of RR.
Added text and an exclusory regular expression to Sections 3.1 and 3.2 to prohibit the use of a slight generalization of the generic CLASS and RRTYPE names specified in RFC3597 as the mnemonics for new CLASSes and RRTYPEs.
Parenthetically listed "ANY" as well as "ALL" as a meaning for the "*" RRTYPE.
Clarified that there is one DNS error number space for headers, OPT extended headers, TSIG RRs, and TKEY RRs. Noted that this is considered to update RFC2845 and RFC2930. Noted the overloading of error number 9 as well as 16.
Updated references for revised versions.
Incorporated a number of editorial changes and typo fixes.
Normative References
RFC1034 Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and
facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
RFC1035 Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
RFC1996 Vixie, P., "A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone
Changes (DNS NOTIFY)", RFC 1996, August 1996.
RFC2136 Vixie, P., Ed., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound,
"Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)",
RFC 2136, April 1997.
RFC2181 Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS
Specification", RFC 2181, July 1997.
RFC2845 Vixie, P., Gudmundsson, O., Eastlake 3rd, D., and B.
Wellington, "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for
DNS (TSIG)", RFC 2845, May 2000.
RFC2930 Eastlake 3rd, D., "Secret Key Establishment for DNS (TKEY
RR)", RFC 2930, September 2000.
RFC3425 Lawrence, D., "Obsoleting IQUERY", RFC 3425,
November 2002.
RFC3597 Gustafsson, A., "Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record
(RR) Types", RFC 3597, September 2003.
RFC4020 Kompella, K. and A. Zinin, "Early IANA Allocation of
Standards Track Code Points", BCP 100, RFC 4020, February 2005.
RFC4033 Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
RFC 4033, March 2005.
RFC4034 Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
RFC 4034, March 2005.
RFC4035 Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005.
RFC4635 Eastlake 3rd, D., "HMAC SHA (Hashed Message
Authentication Code, Secure Hash Algorithm) TSIG
Algorithm Identifiers", RFC 4635, August 2006.
RFC5226 Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, May 2008.
RFC6840 Weiler, S., Ed., and D. Blacka, Ed., "Clarifications and
Implementation Notes for DNS Security (DNSSEC)",
RFC 6840, February 2013.
RFC6891 Damas, J., Graff, M., and Vixie, P., "Extension
Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891, April 2013.
[US-ASCII] American National Standards Institute (formerly United
States of America Standards Institute), "USA Code for
Information Interchange", ANSI X3.4-1968, 1968.
ANSI X3.4-1968 has been replaced by newer versions with
slight modifications, but the 1968 version remains
definitive for the Internet.
Informative References
[Dyer1987] Dyer, S., and F. Hsu, "Hesiod", Project Athena Technical
Plan - Name Service, April 1987.
[Moon1981] Moon, D., "Chaosnet", A.I. Memo 628, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory, June 1981.
RFC1183 Everhart, C., Mamakos, L., Ullmann, R., and P.
Mockapetris, "New DNS RR Definitions", RFC 1183, October 1990.
RFC1591 Postel, J., "Domain Name System Structure and
Delegation", RFC 1591, March 1994.
RFC2606 Eastlake 3rd, D. and A. Panitz, "Reserved Top Level DNS
Names", BCP 32, RFC 2606, June 1999.
RFC2673 Crawford, M., "Binary Labels in the Domain Name System",
RFC 2673, August 1999.
RFC2931 Eastlake 3rd, D., "DNS Request and Transaction Signatures
( SIG(0)s )", RFC 2931, September 2000.
RFC4343 Eastlake 3rd, D., "Domain Name System (DNS) Case
Insensitivity Clarification", RFC 4343, January 2006.
RFC5864 Allbery, R., "DNS SRV Resource Records for AFS",
RFC 5864, April 2010.
RFC6195 Eastlake 3rd, D., "Domain Name System (DNS) IANA
Considerations", RFC 6195, March 2011.
Acknowledgements
Alfred Hoenes' contributions are gratefully acknowledged as are those by Mark Andrews, Dick Franks, and Michael Sheldon.
Author's Address
Donald E. Eastlake 3rd Huawei Technologies 155 Beaver Street Milford, MA 01757 USA
Phone: +1-508-333-2270 EMail: [email protected]
