RFC707

NWG/RFC# 707 JEW 14-JAN-76 19:51 34263 NCC 76 A High-Level Framework for Network-Based Resource Sharing

THE GOAL, RESOURCE SHARING 1

The principal goal of all resource-sharing computer networks, including the now international ARPA Network (the ARPANET), is to usefully interconnect geographically distributed hardware, software, and human resources [1]. Achieving this goal requires the design and implementation of various levels of support software within each constituent computer, and the specification of network-wide "protocols" (that is, conventions regarding the format and the relative timing of network messages) governing their interaction. This paper outlines an alternative to the approach that ARPANET system builders have been taking since work in this area began in 1970, and suggests a strategy for modeling distributed systems within any large computer network. 1a

The first section of this paper describes the prevailing ARPANET protocol strategy, which involves specifying a family of application-dependent protocols with a network-wide inter-process communication facility as their common foundation. In the second section, the application-independent command/response discipline that characterizes this protocol family is identified and its isolation as a separate protocol proposed. Such isolation would reduce the work of the applications programmer by allowing the software that implements the protocol to be factored out of each applications program and supplied as a single, installation-maintained module. The final section of this paper proposes an extensible model for this class of network interaction that in itself would even further encourage the use of network resources. 1b

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                   The Current Software Approach to Resource Sharing

THE CURRENT SOFTWARE APPROACH TO RESOURCE SHARING 2

Function-Oriented Protocols 2a

The current ARPANET software approach to facilitating resource sharing has been detailed elsewhere in the literature [2, 3, 4]. Briefly, it involves defining a Host-Host Protocol by which the operating systems of the various "host" computers cooperate to support a network-wide inter-process communication (IPC) facility, and then various function-oriented protocols by which processes deliver and receive specific services via IPC. Each function-oriented protocol regulates the dialog between a resident "server process" providing the service, and a "user process" seeking the service on behalf of a user (the terms "user" and "user process" will be used consistently throughout this paper to distinguish the human user from the computer process acting on his behalf). 2a1

The current Host-Host Protocol has been in service since 1970. Since its initial design and implementation, a variety of deficiencies have been recognized and several alternative protocols suggested [5, 6]. Although improvements at this level would surely have a positive effect upon Network resource sharing, the present paper simply assumes the existence of some form of IPC and focuses attention upon higher level protocol design issues. 2a2

Each of the function-oriented protocols mentioned in this paper constitutes the official ARPANET protocol for its respective application domain and is therefore implemented at nearly all of the 75 host installations that now comprise the Network. It is primarily upon this widely implemented protocol family (and the philosophy it represents) that the present paper focuses. Needless to say, other important resource sharing tools have also been constructed within the ARPANET. The Resource Sharing Executive (RSEXEC), designed and implemented by Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc [7], provides an excellent example of such work. 2a3

Experience with and Limitations of Hands-On Resource Sharing 2b

The oldest and still by far the most heavily used function-oriented protocol is the Telecommunications Network protocol (TELNET) [8], which effectively attaches a terminal on one computer to an interactive time-sharing system on another, and allows a user to interact with the remote system via the terminal as if he were one of its local users. 2b1

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                   The Current Software Approach to Resource Sharing

As depicted in Figure 1, TELNET specifies the means by which a user process monitoring the user's terminal is interconnected, via an IPC communication channel, with a server process with access to the target time-sharing system. TELNET also legislates a standard character set in which the user's commands and the system's responses are to be represented in transmission between machines. The syntax and semantics of these interchanges, however, vary from one system to another and are unregulated by the protocol; the user and server processes simply shuttle characters between the human user and the target system. 2b2

Although the hands-on use of remote resources that TELNET makes possible is a natural and highly visible form of resource sharing, several limitations severely reduce its long-term utility: 2b3

(1) It forces upon the user all of the trappings of the

   resource's own system.

     To exploit a remote resource, the user must leave the
  familiar working environment provided by his local system and
  enter an alien one with its own peculiar system structure
  (login, logout, and subsystem entry and exit procedures) and
  command language discipline (command recognition and
  completion conventions, editing characters, and so on).
  Hands-on resource sharing thus fails to provide the user with
  the kind of organized and consistent workshop he requires to
  work effectively [9].

(2) It provides no basis for bootstrapping new composite

   resources from existing ones.

     Because the network access discipline imposed by each
  resource is a human-engineered command language, rather than a
  machine-oriented communication protocol, it is virtually
  impossible for one resource to programatically draw upon the
  services of others.  Doing so would require that the program
  deal successfully with complicated echoing and feedback
  characteristics; unstructured, even unsolicited system
  responses; and so forth.  Hands-on resource sharing thus does
  nothing to provide an environment in which existing resources
  can be used as building blocks to construct new, more powerful
  ones.

These inherent limitations of hands-on resource sharing are removed by a protocol that simplifies and standardizes the dialog between user and server processes. Given such a protocol, the

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                   The Current Software Approach to Resource Sharing

various remote resources upon which a user might wish to draw can indeed be made to appear as a single, coherent workshop by interposing between him and them a command language interpreter that transforms his commands into the appropriate protocol utterances [10, 11]. The construction of composite resources also becomes feasible, since each resource is accessible by means of a machine-oriented protocol and can thus be readily employed by other processes within the network. 2b4

Standardizing the Inter-Machine Dialog in Specific Application Areas 2c

After the TELNET protocol had been designed and widely implemented within the ARPANET, work began on a family of function-oriented protocols designed for use by programs, rather than human users. Each such protocol standardizes the inter-machine dialog in a particular application area. While TELNET dictates only the manner in which user and server processes are interconnected via the IPC facility, and the character set in which the two processes communicate once connected, each member of this family specifies in addition the syntax and semantics of the commands and responses that comprise their dialog. 2c1

Protocols within this family necessarily differ in substance, each specifying its own application-specific command set. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) [12], for example, specifies commands for manipulating files, and the Remote Job Entry Protocol (RJE) [13] specifies commands for manipulating batch jobs. Protocols throughout the family are, however, similar in form, each successive family member having simply inherited the physical features of its predecessors. Thus FTP and RJE enforce the same conventions for formulating commands and responses. 2c2

This common command/response discipline requires that commands and responses have the following respective formats: 2c3

command-name <SP> parameter <CRLF> response-number <SP> text <CRLF>

Each command invoked by the user process is identified by NAME and is allowed a single PARAMETER. Each response generated by the server process contains a three-digit decimal response NUMBER (to be interpreted by the user process) and explanatory TEXT (for presentation, if necessary, to the user). Response numbers are assigned in such a way that, for example, positive and negative acknowledgments can be easily distinguished by the user process. 2c4

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                   The Current Software Approach to Resource Sharing

FTP contains, among others, the following commands (each listed with one of its possible responses) for retrieving, appending to, replacing, and deleting files, respectively, within the server process' file system: 2c5

Command Response

RETR <SP> filename <CRLF> 250 <SP> Beginning transfer. <CRLF> APPE <SP> filename <CRLF> 400 <SP> Not implemented. <CRLF> STOR <SP> filename <CRLF> 453 <SP> Directory overflow. <CRLF> DELE <SP> filename <CRLF> 450 <SP> File not found. <CRLF>

The first three commands serve only to initiate the transfer of a file from one machine to another. The transfer itself occurs on a separate IPC channel and is governed by what amounts to a separate protocol. 2c6

Since the general command format admits but a single parameter, multiparameter operations must be implemented as sequences of commands. Thus two commands are required to rename a file: 2c7

Command Response

RNFR <SP> oldname <CRLF> 200 <SP> Next parameter. <CRLF> RNTO <SP> newname <CRLF> 253 <SP> File renamed. <CRLF>

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  A Command/Response Protocol, the Basis for an Alternative Approach

A COMMAND/RESPONSE PROTOCOL, THE BASIS FOR AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH 3

The Importance of Factoring Out the Command/Response Discipline 3a

That FTP, RJE, and the other protocols within this family share a common command/response discipline is a fact not formally recognized within the protocol literature, and each new protocol document describes it in detail, as if for the first time. Nowhere are these conventions codified in isolation from the various contexts in which they find use, being viewed as a necessary but relatively unimportant facet of each function-oriented protocol. "This common command/response discipline has thus gone unrecognized as the important, application-independent protocol that it is." 3a1

This oversight has had two important negative effects upon the growth of resource sharing within the ARPANET: 3a2

(1) It has allowed the command/response discipline to remain

   crude.

     As already noted, operations that require more than a
  single parameter are consistently implemented as two or more
  separate commands, each of which requires a response and thus
  incurs the overhead of a full round-trip network delay.
  Furthermore, there are no standards for encoding parameter
  types other than character strings, nor is there provision for
  returning results in a command response.

(2) It has placed upon the applications programmer the burden of

   implementing the network "run-time environment (RTE)" that
   enables him to access remote processes at the desired,
   functional level.

     Before he can address remote processes in terms like the
  following:

     execute function DELE with argument TEXTFILE
        on machine X

  the applications programmer must first construct (as he
  invariably does in every program he writes) a module that
  provides the desired program interface while implementing the
  agreed upon command/response discipline.  This run-time
  environment contains the code required to properly format
  outgoing commands, to interface with the IPC facility, and to
  parse incoming responses.  Because the system provides only

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  A Command/Response Protocol, the Basis for an Alternative Approach

  the IPC facility as a foundation, the applications programmer
  is deterred from using remote resources by the amount of
  specialized knowledge and software that must first be
  acquired.

     If, on the other hand, the command/response discipline were
  formalized as a separate protocol, its use in subsequent
  function-oriented protocols could rightly be anticipated by
  the systems programmer, and a single run-time environment
  constructed for use throughout an installation (in the worst
  case, one implementation per programming language per machine
  might be required).  This module could then be placed in a
  library and, as depicted in Figure 2, link loaded with (or
  otherwise made available to) each new applications program,
  thereby greatly simplifying its use of remote resources.

     Furthermore, since enhancements to it would pay dividends
  to every applications program employing its services, the
  run-time environment would gradually be augmented to provide
  additional new services to the programmer.

The thesis of the present paper is that one of the keys to facilitating network resource sharing lies in (1) isolating as a separate protocol the command/response discipline common to a large class of applications protocols; (2) making this new, application-independent protocol flexible and efficient; and (3) constructing at each installation a RTE that employs it to give the applications programmer easy and high-level access to remote resources. 3a3

Specifications for the Command/Response Protocol 3b

Having argued the value of a command/response protocol (hereafter termed the Protocol) as the foundation for a large class of applications protocols, there remains the task of suggesting the form that the Protocol might take. There are eight requirements. First, it must reproduce the capabilities of the discipline it replaces: 3b1

(1) Permit invocation of arbitrary, named commands (or functions)

   implemented by the remote process.

(2) Permit command outcomes to be reported in a way that aids

   both the program invoking the commmand and the user under
   whose control it may be executing.

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  A Command/Response Protocol, the Basis for an Alternative Approach

Second, the Protocol should remove the known deficiencies of its predecessor, that is: 3b2

(3) Allow an arbitrary number of parameters to be supplied as

   arguments to a single command.

(4) Provide representations for a variety of parameter types,

   including but not limited to character strings.

(5) Permit commands to return parameters as results as well as

   accept them as arguments.

And, finally, the Protocol should provide whatever additional capabilities are required by the more complex distributed systems whose creation the Protocol seeks to encourage. Although others may later be identified, the three capabilities below are recognized now to be important: 3b3

(6) Permit the server process to invoke commands in the user

   process, that is, eliminate entirely the often inappropriate
   user/server distinction, and allow each process to invoke
   commands in the other.

     In the workshop environment alluded to earlier, for
  example, the user process is the command language interpreter
  and the server process is any of the software tools available
  to the user.  While most commands are issued by the
  interpreter and addressed to the tool, occasionally the tool
  must invoke commands in the interpreter or in another tool.  A
  graphical text editor, for example, must invoke commands
  within the interpreter to update the user's display screen
  after an editing operation.

(7) Permit a process to accept two or more commands for

  concurrrent execution.

     The text editor may wish to permit the user to initiate a
  long formatting operation with one command and yet continue to
  issue additional, shorter commands before there is a response
  to the first.

(8) Allow the process issuing a command to suppress the response

   the command would otherwise elicit.

     This feature would permit network traffic to be reduced in
  those cases in which the process invoking the command deems a

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  A Command/Response Protocol, the Basis for an Alternative Approach

  response unnecessary.  Commands that always succeed but never
  return results are obvious candidates for this kind of
  treatment.

A Formulation of the Protocol That Meets These Specifications 3c

The eight requirements listed above are met by a protocol in which the following two messages are defined: 3c1

message-type=COMMAND [tid] command-name arguments message-type=RESPONSE tid outcome results

Here and in subsequent protocol descriptions, elements enclosed in square brackets are optional. 3c2

The first message invokes the command whose NAME is specified using the ARGUMENTS provided. The second is issued in eventual response to the first and returns the OUTCOME and RESULTS of the completed command. Whenever OUTCOME indicates that a command has failed, the command's RESULTS are required to be an error number and diagnostic message, the former to help the invoking program determine what to do next, the latter for possible presentation to the user. The protocol thus provides a framework for reporting errors, while leaving to the applications program the tasks of assigning error numbers and composing the text of error messages. 3c3

There are several elements of the Protocol that are absent from the existing command/response discipline: 3c4

(1) RESULTS, in fulfillment of Requirement 5.

(2) A MESSAGE TYPE that distinguishes commands from responses,

   arising from Requirement 6.

     In the existing discipline, this distinction is implicit,
  since user and server processes receive only responses and
  commands, respectively.

(3) An optional transaction identifier TID by which a command and

   its response are associated, arising from Requirements 7 and
   8.

     The presence of a transaction identifier in a command
  implies the necessity of a response echoing the identifier;
  and no two concurrently outstanding commands may bear the same
  identifier.

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  A Command/Response Protocol, the Basis for an Alternative Approach

Requirements 3 and 4--the ability to transmit an arbitrary number of parameters of various types with each command or response--are most economically and effectively met by defining a small set of primitive "data types" (for example, booleans, integers, character strings) from which concrete parameters can be modeled, and a "transmission format" in which such parameters can be encoded. Appendix A suggests a set of data types suitable for a large class of applications; Appendix B defines some possible transmission formats. 3c5

The protocol description given above is, of course, purely symbolic. Appendix C explores one possible encoding of the Protocol in detail. 3c6

Summarizing the Arguments Advanced So Far 3d

The author trusts that little of what has been presented thus far will be considered controversial by the reader. The following principal arguments have been made: 3d1

(1) The more effective forms of resource sharing depend upon

   remote resources being usefully accessible to other programs,
   not just to human users.

(2) Application-dependent protocols providing such access using

   the current approach leave to the applications programmer the
   task of constructing the additional layer of software (above
   the IPC facility provided by the system) required to make
   remote resources accessible at the functional level, thus
   discouraging their use.

(3) A single, resource-independent protocol providing flexible

   and efficient access at the functional level to arbitrary
   remote resources can be devised.

(4) This protocol would make possible the construction at each

   installation of an application-independent, network run-time
   environment making remote resources accessible at the
   functional level and thus encouraging their use by the
   applications programmer.

A protocol as simple as that suggested here has great potential for stimulating the sharing of resources within a computer network. First, it would reduce the cost of adapting existing resources for network use by eliminating the need for the design, documentation, and implementation of specialized delivery protocols. Second, it

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  A Command/Response Protocol, the Basis for an Alternative Approach

would encourage the use of remote resources by eliminating the need for application-specific interface software. And finally, it would encourage the construction of new resources built expressly for remote access, because of the ease with which they could be offered and used within the network software marketplace. 3d2

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                       A High-Level Model of the Network Environment

A HIGH-LEVEL MODEL OF THE NETWORK ENVIRONMENT 4

The Importance of the Model Imposed by the Protocol 4a

The Protocol proposed above imposes upon the applications programmer a particular model of the network environment. In a heterogeneous computer network, nearly every protocol intended for general implementation has this effect, since it idealizes a class of operations that have concrete but slightly different equivalents in each system. Thus the ARPANET's TELNET Protocol alluded to earlier, for example, specifies a Network Virtual Terminal that attempts to provide a best fit to the many real terminals in use around the Network. 4a1

As now formulated, the Protocol models a remote resource as an interactive program with a simple, rigidly specified command language. This model follows naturally from the fact that the function-oriented protocols from which the Protocol was extracted were necessitated by the complexity and diversity of user-oriented command languages. The Protocol may thus legitimately be viewed as a vehicle for providing, as an adjunct to the sophisticated command languages already available to users, a family of simple command languages that can readily be employed by programs. 4a2

While the command/response model is a natural one, others are possible. A remote resource might also be modeled as a process that services and replies to requests it receives from other computer processes. This request/reply model would emphasize the fact that the Protocol is a vehicle for inter-process communication and that no human user is directly involved. 4a3

Substituting the request/reply model for the command/response model requires only cosmetic changes to the Protocol: 4a4

message-type=REQUEST [tid] op-code arguments message-type=REPLY tid outcome results

In the formulation above, the terms "REQUEST", "REPLY", and "op-code" have simply been substituted for "COMMAND", "RESPONSE", and "command-name", respectively. 4a5

The choice of model need affect neither the content of the Protocol nor the behavior of the processes whose dialog it governs. Use of the word "command" in the command/response model, for example, is not meant to imply that the remote process can be coerced into action. Whatever model is adopted, a process has

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                       A High-Level Model of the Network Environment

complete freedom to reject an incoming remote request that it is incapable of or unwilling to fulfill. 4a6

But even though it has no substantive effect upon the Protocol, the selection of a model--command/response, request/reply, and so on--is an important task because it determines the way in which both applications and systems programmers perceive the network environment. If the network environment is made to appear foreign to him, the applications programmer may be discouraged from using it. The choice of model also constrains the kind and range of protocol extensions that are likely to occur to the systems programmer; one model may suggest a rich set of useful extensions, another lead nowhere (or worse still, in the wrong direction). 4a7

In this final section of the paper, the author suggests a network model (hereafter termed the Model) that he believes will both encourage the use of remote resources by the applications programmer and suggest to the systems programmer a wide variety of useful Protocol extensions. Unlike the substance of the Protocol, however, the Model has already proven quite controversial within the ARPANET community. 4a8

Modeling Resources As Collections of Procedures 4b

Ideally, the goal of both the Protocol and its accompanying RTE is to make remote resources as easy to use as local ones. Since local resources usually take the form of resident and/or library subroutines, the possibility of modeling remote commands as "procedures" immediately suggests itself. The Model is further confirmed by the similarity that exists between local procedures and the remote commands to which the Protocol provides access. Both carry out arbitrarily complex, named operations on behalf of the requesting program (the caller); are governed by arguments supplied by the caller; and return to it results that reflect the outcome of the operation. The procedure call model thus acknowledges that, in a network environment, programs must sometimes call subroutines in machines other than their own. 4b1

Like the request/reply model already described, the procedure call model requires only cosmetic changes to the Protocol: 4b2

message-type=CALL [tid] procedure-name arguments message-type=RETURN tid outcome results

In this third formulation, the terms "CALL", "RETURN", and "procedure-name" have been substituted for "COMMAND, "RESPONSE", and

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                       A High-Level Model of the Network Environment

"command-name", respectively. And in this form, the Protocol might aptly be designated a "procedure call protocol (PCP)". 4b3

"The procedure call model would elevate the task of creating applications protocols to that of defining procedures and their calling sequences. It would also provide the foundation for a true distributed programming system (DPS) that encourages and facilitates the work of the applications programmer by gracefully extending the local programming environment, via the RTE, to embrace modules on other machines." This integration of local and network programming environments can even be carried as far as modifying compilers to provide minor variants of their normal procedure-calling constructs for addressing remote procedures (for which calls to the appropriate RTE primitives would be dropped out). 4b4

Finally, the Model is one that can be naturally extended in a variety of ways (for example, coroutine linkages and signals) to further enhance the distributed programming environment. 4b5

Clarifying the Procedure Call Model 4c

Although in many ways it accurately portrays the class of network interactions with which this paper deals, the Model suggested above may in other respects tend to mislead the applications programmer. The Model must therefore be clarified: 4c1

(1) Local procedure calls are cheap; remote procedure calls are

   not.

     Local procedure calls are often effected by means of a
  single machine instruction and are therefore relatively
  inexpensive.  Remote procedure calls, on the other hand, would
  be effected by means of a primitive provided by the local RTE
  and require an exchange of messages via IPC.

     Because of this cost differential, the applications
  programmer must exercise discretion in his use of remote
  resources, even though the mechanics of their use will have
  been greatly simplified by the RTE.  Like virtual memory, the
  procedure call model offers great convenience, and therefore
  power, in exchange for reasonable alertness to the
  possibilities of abuse.

(2) Conventional programs usually have a single locus of control;

   distributed programs need not.

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                       A High-Level Model of the Network Environment

     Conventional programs are usually implemented as a single
  process with exactly one locus of control.  A procedure call,
  therefore, traditionally implies a transfer of control from
  caller to callee.  Distributed systems, on the other hand, are
  implemented as two or more processes, each of which is capable
  of independent execution.  In this new environment, a remote
  procedure call need not suspend the caller, which is capable
  of continuing execution in parallel with the called procedure.

     The RTE can therefore be expected to provide, for
  convenience, two modes of remote procedure invocation:  a
  blocking mode that suspends the caller until the procedure
  returns; and a non-blocking mode that releases the caller as
  soon as the CALL message has been sent or queued.  Most
  conventional operating systems already provide such a mode
  choice for I/O operations.  For non-blocking calls, the RTE
  must also, of course, either arrange to asynchronously notify
  the program when the call is complete, or provide an
  additional primitive by which the applications program can
  periodically test for that condition.

Finally, the applications programmer must recognize that by no means all useful forms of network communication are effectively modeled as procedure calls. The lower level IPC facility that remains directly accessible to him must therefore be employed in those applications for which the procedure call model is inappropriate and RTE-provided primitives simply will not do. 4c2

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                                                   Some Expectations

SOME EXPECTATIONS 5

Both the Procedure Call Protocol and its associated Run-Time Environment have great potential for facilitating the work of the network programmer; only a small percentage of that potential has been discussed in the present paper. Upon the foundation provided by PCP can be erected higher level application-independent protocol layers that further enhance the distributed programming environment by providing even more powerful capabilities (see Appendix D). 5a

As the importance of the RTE becomes fully evident, additional tasks will gradually be assigned to it, including perhaps those of: 5b

(1) Converting parameters between the format employed internally

   by the applications program, and that imposed by the
   Protocol.                                                     5b1

(2) Automatically selecting the most appropriate inter-process

   transmission format on the basis of the two machines' word
   sizes.                                                        5b2

(3) Automatically substituting for network IPC a more efficient

   form of communication when both processes reside on the same
   machine.                                                      5b3

The RTE will eventually offer the programmer a wide variety of application-independent, network-programming conveniences, and so, by means of the Protocol, become an increasingly powerful distributed-system-building tool. 5c

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                                                     Acknowledgments

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6

Many individuals within both SRI's Augmentation Research Center (ARC) and the larger ARPANET community have contributed their time and ideas to the development of the Protocol and Model described in this paper. The contributions of the following individuals are expressly acknowledged: Dick Watson, Jon Postel, Charles Irby, Ken Victor, Dave Maynard, and Larry Garlick of ARC; and Bob Thomas and Rick Schantz of Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. 6a

ARC has been working toward a high-level framework for network-based distributed systems for a number of years now [14]. The particular Protocol and Model described here result from research begun by ARC in July of 1974. This research included developing the Model; designing and documenting the Protocol required to support it [15]; and designing, documenting, and implementing a prototype run-time environment for a particular machine [16, 17], specifically a PDP-10 running the Tenex operating system developed by Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc [18]. Three design iterations were carried out during a 12-month period, and the resulting specification implemented for Tenex. The Tenex RTE provides a superset of the capabilities presented in the body of this paper and Appendices A through C as well as those alluded to in Appendix D. 6b

The work reported here was supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense, and by the Rome Air Development Center of the Air Force. 6c

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                                   Appendix A:  Suggested Data Types

APPENDIX A: SUGGESTED DATA TYPES 7

The Protocol requires that every parameter or "data object" be represented by one of several primitive data types defined by the Model. The set of data types below is sufficient to conveniently model a large class of data objects, but since the need for additional data types (for example, floating-point numbers) will surely arise, the set must remain open-ended. Throughout the descriptions below, N is confined to the range [0, 2**15-1]: 7a

  LIST:  A list is an ordered sequence of N data objects called

"elements". A LIST may contain other LISTs as elements, and can therefore be employed to construct arbitrarily complex composite data objects. 7a1

  CHARSTR:  A character string is an ordered sequence of N ASCII

characters, and conveniently models a variety of textual entities, from short user names to whole paragraphs of text. 7a2

  BITSTR:  A bit string is an ordered sequence of N bits and,

therefore, provides a means for representing arbitrary binary data (for example, the contents of a word of memory). 7a3

  INTEGER:  An integer is a fixed-point number in the range

[-2**31, 2**31-1], and conveniently models various kinds of numerical data, including time intervals, distances, and so on. 7a4

  INDEX:  An index is an integer in the range [1, 2**15-1].  As

its name and value range suggest, an INDEX can be used to address a particular bit or character within a string, or element within a list. INDEXes have other uses as well, including the modeling of handles or identifiers for open files, created processes, and the like. Also, because of their restricted range, INDEXes are more compact in transmission than INTEGERs (see Appendix B). 7a5

  BOOLEAN:  A boolean represents a single bit of information,

and has either the value true or false. 7a6

  EMPTY:  An empty is a valueless place holder within a LIST or

parameter list. 7a7

                              -18-�

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                         Appendix B:  Suggested Transmission Formats

APPENDIX B: SUGGESTED TRANSMISSION FORMATS 8

Parameters must be encoded in a standard transmission format before they can be sent from one process to another via the Protocol. An effective strategy is to define several formats and select the most appropriate one at run-time, adding to the Protocol a mechanism for format negotiation. Format negotiation would be another responsibility of the RTE and could thus be made completely invisible to the applications program. 8a

Suggested below are two transmission formats. The first is a 36-bit binary format for use between 36-bit machines, the second an 8-bit binary, "universal" format for use between dissimilar machines. Data objects are fully typed in each format to enable the RTE to automatically decode and internalize incoming parameters should it be desired to provide this service to the applications program. 8b

PCPB36, For Use Between 36-Bit Machines 8c

Bits 0-13 Unused (zero) 8c1 Bits 14-17 Data type 8c2

  EMPTY  =1  INTEGER=4  LIST=7
  BOOLEAN=2  BITSTR =5
  INDEX  =3  CHARSTR=6

Bits 18-20 Unused (zero) 8c3 Bits 21-35 Value or length N 8c4

  EMPTY    unused (zero)
  BOOLEAN  14 zero-bits + 1-bit value (TRUE=1/FALSE=0)
  INDEX    unsigned value
  INTEGER  unused (zero)
  BITSTR   unsigned bit count N
  CHARSTR  unsigned character count N
  LIST     unsigned element count N

Bits 36- Value 8c5

  EMPTY    unused (nonexistent)
  BOOLEAN  unused (nonexistent)
  INDEX    unused (nonexistent)
  INTEGER  two's complement full-word value
  BITSTR   bit string + zero padding to word boundary
  CHARSTR  ASCII string + zero padding to word boundary
  LIST     element data objects

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                         Appendix B:  Suggested Transmission Formats

PCPB8, For Use Between Dissimilar Machines 8d

Byte 0 Data type 8d1

  EMPTY  =1  INTEGER=4  LIST=7
  BOOLEAN=2  BITSTR =5
  INDEX  =3  CHARSTR=6

Bytes 1- Value 8d2

  EMPTY     unused (nonexistent)
  BOOLEAN   7 zero-bits + 1-bit value (TRUE=1/FALSE=0)
  INDEX     2-byte unsigned value
  INTEGER   4-byte two's complement value
  BITSTR    2-byte unsigned bit count N + bit string
             + zero padding to byte boundary
  CHARSTR   2-byte unsigned character count N + ASCII string
  LIST      2-byte element count N + element data objects

                              -20-�

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     Appendix C:  A Detailed Encoding of the Procedure Call Protocol

APPENDIX C: A DETAILED ENCODING OF THE PROCEDURE CALL PROTOCOL 9

Although the data types and transmission formats detailed in the previous appendixes serve primarily as vehicles for representing the arguments and results of remote procedures, they can just as readily and effectively be employed to represent the commands and responses by which those parameters are transmitted. 9a

Taking this approach, one might model each of the two Protocol messages as a PCP data object, specifically a LIST whose first element is an INDEX message type. The following concise statement of the Protocol then results: 9b

LIST (CALL, tid, procedure, arguments)

     INDEX=1 INDEX/EMPTY CHARSTR    LIST                         9b1

LIST (RETURN, tid, outcome, results)

     INDEX=2 INDEX       BOOLEAN    LIST                         9b2

The RESULTS of an unsuccessful procedure would be represented as follows: 9c

LIST (error, diagnostic)

     INDEX  CHARSTR                                              9c1

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        Appendix D:  A Look at Some Possible Extensions to the Model

APPENDIX D: A LOOK AT SOME POSSIBLE EXTENSIONS TO THE MODEL 10

The result of the distributed-system-building strategy proposed in the body of this paper and the preceeding appendices is depicted in Figure D-1. At the core of each process is the inter-process communication facility provided by the operating system, which effects the transmission of arbitrary binary data between distant processes. Surrounding this core are conventions regarding first the format in which a few, primitive types of data objects are encoded in binary for IPC, and then the formats of several composite data objects (that is, messages) whose transmission either invokes or acknowledges the previous invocation of a remote procedure. Immediately above lies an open-ended protocol layer in which an arbitrary number of enhancements to the distributed programming environment can be implemented. Encapsulating these various protocol layers is the installation-provided run-time environment, which delivers DPS services to the applications program according to machine- and possibly programming-language-dependent conventions. 10a

The Protocol proposed in the present paper recognizes only the most fundamental aspects of remote procedure calling. It permits the caller to identify the procedure to be called, supply the necessary arguments, determine the outcome of the procedure, and recover its results. In a second paper [19], the author proposes some extensions to this simple procedure call model, and attempts to identify other common forms of inter-process interaction whose standardization would enhance the distributed programming environment. Included among the topics discussed are: 10b

(1) Coroutine linkages and other forms of communication between

   the caller and callee.                                       10b1

(2) Propagation of notices and requests up the thread of control

   that results from nested procedure calls.                    10b2

(3) Standard mechanisms for remotely reading or writing

   system-global data objects within another program.           10b3

(4) Access controls for collections of related procedures. 10b4

(5) A standard means for creating and initializing processes,

   that is, for establishing contact with and logging into a
   remote machine, identifying the program to be executed, and
   so forth.  This facility would permit arbitrarily complex
   process hierarchies to be created.                           10b5

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        Appendix D:  A Look at Some Possible Extensions to the Model

(6) A mechanism for introducing processes to one another, that

   is, for superimposing more general communication paths upon
   the process hierarchy.                                       10b6

These and other extensions can all find a place in the open-ended protocol layer of Figure D-1. The particular extensions explored in [19] are offered not as dogma but rather as a means of suggesting the possibilities and stimulating further research. 10c

                              -23-�

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                                                          References

REFERENCES 11

1. Kahn, R. E., "Resource-Sharing Computer Communications
Networks," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 60, No. 11, pp.
1397-1407, November 1972.                                        11a

2. Crocker, S. D., Heafner, J. F., Metcalfe, R. M., Postel, J. B.,
"Function-oriented Protocols for the ARPA Computer Network,"
AFIPS Proceedings, Spring Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 40,
pp. 271-279, 1972.                                               11b

3. Carr, C. S., Crocker, S. D., Cerf, V. G., "Host-Host
Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network," AFIPS Proceedings,
Spring Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 36, pp. 589-597, 1970.    11c

4. Mc Kenzie, A. A., Host/Host Protocol for the ARPA Network, Bolt
Beranek and Newman Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, January 1972
(SRI-ARC Catalog Item 8246).                                     11d

5. Walden, D. C., "A System for Interprocess Communication in a
Resource Sharing Computer Network," Communications of the ACM,
Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 221-230, April 1972.                         11e

6. Cerf, V. G., Kahn, R. E., "A Protocol for Packet Network
Intercommunication," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol.
Com-22, No. 5, pp. 637-648, May 1974.                            11f

7. Thomas, R. H., "A Resource-Sharing Executive for the ARPANET,"
AFIPS Proceedings, National Computer Conference, Vol. 42, pp.
155-163, 1973.                                                   11g

8. TELNET Protocol Specification, Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, California, August 1973 (SRI-ARC Catalog Item
18639).                                                          11h

9. Engelbart, D. C., Watson, R. W., Norton, J. C., "The Augmented
Knowledge Workshop," AFIPS Proceedings, National Computer
Conference, Vol. 42, pp. 9-21, 1973.                             11i

Engelbart, D. C., English, W. K., "A Research Center for

Augmenting Human Intellect," AFIPS Proceedings, Fall Joint
Computer Conference, Vol. 33, pp. 395-410, 1968.                 11j

Irby, C. H., Dornbush, C. F., Victor, K. E., Wallace, D. C., "A

Command Meta Language for NLS," Final Report, Contract

                              -24-�

NWG/RFC# 707 JEW 14-JAN-76 19:51 34263 NCC 76 A High-Level Framework for Network-Based Resource Sharing

                                                          References

RADC-TR-75-304, SRI Project 1868, Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, California, December, 1975.                          11k

Neigus, N. J., File Transfer Protocol, ARPA Network Working

Group Request for Comments 542, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, July 1973 (SRI-ARC Catalog Item
17759).                                                          11l

Bressler, R. D., Guida, R., Mc Kenzie, A. A., Remote Job Entry

Protocol, ARPA Network Working Group Request for Comments 360,
Dynamic Modeling Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, (undated) (SRI-ARC Catalog Item
12112).                                                          11m

Watson, R. W., Some Thoughts on System Design to Facilitate

Resource Sharing, ARPA Network Working Group Request for
Comments 592, Augmentation Research Center, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, California, November 20, 1973 (SRI-ARC
Catalog Item 20391).                                             11n

White, J. E., DPS-10 Version 2.5 Implementer's Guide,

Augmentation Research Center, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo
Park, California, August 15, 1975 (SRI-ARC Catalog Item 26282).  11o

White, J. E., DPS-10 Version 2.5 Programmer's Guide,

Augmentation Research Center, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo
Park, California, August 13, 1975 (SRI-ARC Catalog Item 26271).  11p

White, J. E., DPS-10 Version 2.5 Source Code, Augmentation

Research Center, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park,
California, August 13, 1975 (SRI-ARC Catalog Item 26267).        11q

Bobrow, D. G., Burchfiel, J. D., Murphy, D. L., Tomlinson, R.

S., "TENEX, a Paged Time Sharing System for the PDP-10,"
Communications of the ACM, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 135-143, March
1972.                                                            11r

White, J. E., "Elements of a Distributed Programming System,"

Submitted for publication in the Journal of Computer Languages,
1976.                                                            11s

                              -25-�

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                                                         Figure List

FIGURE LIST 12

Figure 1. Interfacing a remote terminal to a local time-sharing

         system via the TELNET Protocol.                         12a

Figure 2. Interfacing distant applications programs via their

         run-time environments.                                  12b

Figure D-1. Software and protocol layers comprising a process

         within the distributed programming system.              12c

                              -26-�

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                              -27-�

NWG/RFC# 707 JEW 14-JAN-76 19:51 34263

 A High-Level Framework for Network-Based Resource Sharing

                         23-DEC-75
                              
                       James E. White
                Augmentation Research Center
                              
                Stanford Research Institute
               Menlo Park, California  94025
                              
                    (415) 326-6200 x2960
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
  This paper proposes a high-level, application-independent

protocol and software framework that would extend the local programming environment to embrace modules in other computers within a resource sharing computer network, and thereby facilitate the construction of distributed systems and encourage the sharing of resources.

  The work reported here was supported by the Advanced Research

Projects Agency of the Department of Defense, and by the Rome Air Development Center of the Air Force.

  This paper has been submitted for publication in the

Proceedings of the 1976 National Computer Conference.�