RFC7217
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) F. Gont Request for Comments: 7217 SI6 Networks / UTN-FRH Category: Standards Track April 2014 ISSN: 2070-1721
A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque Interface Identifiers
with IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
Abstract
This document specifies a method for generating IPv6 Interface Identifiers to be used with IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC), such that an IPv6 address configured using this method is stable within each subnet, but the corresponding Interface Identifier changes when the host moves from one network to another. This method is meant to be an alternative to generating Interface Identifiers based on hardware addresses (e.g., IEEE LAN Media Access Control (MAC) addresses), such that the benefits of stable addresses can be achieved without sacrificing the security and privacy of users. The method specified in this document applies to all prefixes a host may be employing, including link-local, global, and unique-local prefixes (and their corresponding addresses).
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7217.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
Contents
Introduction
RFC4862 specifies Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) for IPv6 RFC2460, which typically results in hosts configuring one or more "stable" addresses composed of a network prefix advertised by a local router, and an Interface Identifier (IID) that typically embeds a hardware address (e.g., an IEEE LAN MAC address) RFC4291. Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGAs) RFC3972 are yet another method for generating Interface Identifiers; CGAs bind a public signature key to an IPv6 address in the SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) RFC3971 protocol.
Generally, the traditional SLAAC addresses are thought to simplify network management, since they simplify Access Control Lists (ACLs) and logging. However, they have a number of drawbacks:
o Since the resulting Interface Identifiers do not vary over time,
they allow correlation of host activities within the same network, thus negatively affecting the privacy of users (see [ADDR-GEN-PRIVACY] and [IAB-PRIVACY]).
o Since the resulting Interface Identifiers are constant across
networks, the resulting IPv6 addresses can be leveraged to track and correlate the activity of a host across multiple networks (e.g., track and correlate the activities of a typical client connecting to the public Internet from different locations), thus negatively affecting the privacy of users.
o Since embedding the underlying link-layer address in the Interface
Identifier will result in specific address patterns, such patterns may be leveraged by attackers to reduce the search space when performing address-scanning attacks [IPV6-RECON]. For example, the IPv6 addresses of all hosts manufactured by the same vendor (within a given time frame) will likely contain the same IEEE Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) in the Interface Identifier.
o Embedding the underlying hardware address in the Interface
Identifier leaks device-specific information that could be leveraged to launch device-specific attacks.
o Embedding the underlying link-layer address in the Interface
Identifier means that replacement of the underlying interface hardware will result in a change of the IPv6 address(es) assigned to that interface.
[ADDR-GEN-PRIVACY] provides additional details regarding how the aforementioned vulnerabilities could be exploited and the extent to which the method discussed in this document mitigates them.
The "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6" RFC4941 (henceforth referred to as "temporary addresses") were introduced to complicate the task of eavesdroppers and other information collectors (e.g., IPv6 addresses in web server logs or email headers, etc.) to correlate the activities of a host, and basically result in temporary (and random) Interface Identifiers. These temporary addresses are generated in addition to the traditional IPv6 addresses based on IEEE LAN MAC addresses, with the temporary addresses being employed for "outgoing communications", and the traditional SLAAC addresses being employed for "server" functions (i.e., receiving incoming connections).
It should be noted that temporary addresses can be challenging in a number of areas. For example, from a network-management point of view, they tend to increase the complexity of event logging, troubleshooting, enforcement of access controls, and quality of service, etc. As a result, some organizations disable the use of temporary addresses even at the expense of reduced privacy [BROERSMA]. Temporary addresses may also result in increased implementation complexity, which might not be possible or desirable in some implementations (e.g., some embedded devices).
In scenarios in which temporary addresses are deliberately not used (possibly for any of the aforementioned reasons), all a host is left with is the stable addresses that have typically been generated from the underlying hardware addresses. In such scenarios, it may still be desirable to have addresses that mitigate address-scanning attacks and that, at the very least, do not reveal the host's identity when roaming from one network to another -- without complicating the operation of the corresponding networks.
However, even with temporary addresses in place, a number of issues remain to be mitigated. Namely,
o since temporary addresses RFC4941 do not eliminate the use of
fixed identifiers for server-like functions, they only partially mitigate host-tracking and activity correlation across networks (see [ADDR-GEN-PRIVACY] for some example attacks that are still possible with temporary addresses).
o since temporary addresses RFC4941 do not replace the traditional
SLAAC addresses, an attacker can still leverage patterns in SLAAC addresses to greatly reduce the search space for "alive" nodes [GONT-DEEPSEC2011] [CPNI-IPV6] [IPV6-RECON].
Hence, there is a motivation to improve the properties of "stable" addresses regardless of whether or not temporary addresses are employed.
This document specifies a method to generate Interface Identifiers that are stable for each network interface within each subnet, but that change as a host moves from one network to another. Thus, this method enables keeping the "stability" properties of the Interface Identifiers specified in RFC4291, while still mitigating address- scanning attacks and preventing correlation of the activities of a host as it moves from one network to another.
Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119.
Relationship to Other Standards
The method specified in this document is orthogonal to the use of temporary addresses RFC4941, since it is meant to improve the security and privacy properties of the stable addresses that are employed along with the aforementioned temporary addresses. In scenarios in which temporary addresses are employed, implementation of the mechanism described in this document (in replacement of stable addresses based on, e.g., IEEE LAN MAC addresses) will mitigate address-scanning attacks and also mitigate the remaining vectors for correlating host activities based on the host's constant (i.e., stable across networks) Interface Identifiers. On the other hand, for hosts that currently disable temporary addresses RFC4941, implementation of this mechanism would mitigate the host-tracking and address-scanning issues discussed in Section 1.
While the method specified in this document is meant to be used with SLAAC, this does not preclude this algorithm from being used with other address configuration mechanisms, such as DHCPv6 RFC3315 or manual address configuration.
Design Goals
This document specifies a method for generating Interface Identifiers to be used with IPv6 SLAAC, with the following goals:
o The resulting Interface Identifiers remain stable for each prefix
used with SLAAC within each subnet for the same network interface. That is, the algorithm generates the same Interface Identifier when configuring an address (for the same interface) belonging to the same prefix within the same subnet.
o The resulting Interface Identifiers must change when addresses are
configured for different prefixes. That is, if different autoconfiguration prefixes are used to configure addresses for the same network interface card, the resulting Interface Identifiers must be (statistically) different. This means that, given two addresses produced by the method specified in this document, it must be difficult for an attacker to tell whether the addresses have been generated by the same host.
o It must be difficult for an outsider to predict the Interface
Identifiers that will be generated by the algorithm, even with knowledge of the Interface Identifiers generated for configuring other addresses.
o Depending on the specific implementation approach (see Section 5
and Appendix A), the resulting Interface Identifiers may be independent of the underlying hardware (e.g., IEEE LAN MAC address). For example, this means that replacing a Network Interface Card (NIC) or adding links dynamically to a Link Aggregation Group (LAG) will not have the (generally undesirable) effect of changing the IPv6 addresses used for that network interface.
o The method specified in this document is meant to be an
alternative to producing IPv6 addresses based on hardware addresses (e.g., IEEE LAN MAC addresses, as specified in RFC2464). That is, this document does not formally obsolete or deprecate any of the existing algorithms to generate Interface Identifiers. It is meant to be employed for all of the stable (i.e., non-temporary) IPv6 addresses configured with SLAAC for a given interface, including global, link-local, and unique-local IPv6 addresses.
We note that this method is incrementally deployable, since it does not pose any interoperability implications when deployed on networks where other nodes do not implement or employ it. Additionally, we note that this document does not update or modify IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) RFC4862 itself, but rather it only specifies an alternative algorithm to generate Interface Identifiers. Therefore, the usual address lifetime properties (as specified in the corresponding Prefix Information Options) apply when IPv6 addresses are generated as a result of employing the algorithm specified in this document with SLAAC RFC4862. Additionally, from the point of view of renumbering, we note that these addresses behave like the traditional IPv6 addresses (that embed a hardware address) resulting from SLAAC RFC4862.
Algorithm Specification
IPv6 implementations conforming to this specification MUST generate Interface Identifiers using the algorithm specified in this section as a replacement for any other algorithms for generating "stable" addresses with SLAAC (such as those specified in RFC2464, RFC2467, and RFC2470). However, implementations conforming to this specification MAY employ the algorithm specified in RFC4941 to generate temporary addresses in addition to the addresses generated with the algorithm specified in this document. The method specified in this document MUST be employed for generating the Interface Identifiers with SLAAC for all the stable addresses, including IPv6 global, link-local, and unique-local addresses.
Implementations conforming to this specification SHOULD provide the means for a system administrator to enable or disable the use of this algorithm for generating Interface Identifiers.
Unless otherwise noted, all of the parameters included in the expression below MUST be included when generating an Interface Identifier.
1. Compute a random (but stable) identifier with the expression:
RID = F(Prefix, Net_Iface, Network_ID, DAD_Counter, secret_key)
Where:
RID:
Random (but stable) Identifier
F():
A pseudorandom function (PRF) that MUST NOT be computable from
the outside (without knowledge of the secret key). F() MUST
also be difficult to reverse, such that it resists attempts to
obtain the secret_key, even when given samples of the output
of F() and knowledge or control of the other input parameters.
F() SHOULD produce an output of at least 64 bits. F() could
be implemented as a cryptographic hash of the concatenation of
each of the function parameters. SHA-1 [FIPS-SHS] and SHA-256
are two possible options for F(). Note: MD5 RFC1321 is
considered unacceptable for F() RFC6151.
Prefix:
The prefix to be used for SLAAC, as learned from an ICMPv6
Router Advertisement message, or the link-local IPv6 unicast
prefix RFC4291.
Net_Iface:
An implementation-dependent stable identifier associated with
the network interface for which the RID is being generated.
An implementation MAY provide a configuration option to select
the source of the identifier to be used for the Net_Iface
parameter. A discussion of possible sources for this value
(along with the corresponding trade-offs) can be found in
Appendix A.
Network_ID:
Some network-specific data that identifies the subnet to which
this interface is attached -- for example, the IEEE 802.11
Service Set Identifier (SSID) corresponding to the network to
which this interface is associated. Additionally, Simple DNA
RFC6059 describes ideas that could be leveraged to generate
a Network_ID parameter. This parameter is OPTIONAL.
DAD_Counter:
A counter that is employed to resolve Duplicate Address
Detection (DAD) conflicts. It MUST be initialized to 0, and
incremented by 1 for each new tentative address that is
configured as a result of a DAD conflict. Implementations
that record DAD_Counter in non-volatile memory for each
{Prefix, Net_Iface, Network_ID} tuple MUST initialize
DAD_Counter to the recorded value if such an entry exists in
non-volatile memory. See Section 6 for additional details.
secret_key:
A secret key that is not known by the attacker. The secret
key SHOULD be of at least 128 bits. It MUST be initialized to
a pseudo-random number (see RFC4086 for randomness
requirements for security) when the operating system is
installed or when the IPv6 protocol stack is "bootstrapped"
for the first time. An implementation MAY provide the means
for the system administrator to display and change the secret
key.
2. The Interface Identifier is finally obtained by taking as many
bits from the RID value (computed in the previous step) as necessary, starting from the least significant bit.
We note that RFC4291 requires that the Interface IDs of all unicast addresses (except those that start with the binary value 000) be 64 bits long. However, the method discussed in this document could be employed for generating Interface IDs of any arbitrary length, albeit at the expense of reduced entropy (when employing Interface IDs smaller than 64 bits).
The resulting Interface Identifier SHOULD be compared against the reserved IPv6 Interface Identifiers RFC5453 [IANA-RESERVED-IID] and against those Interface Identifiers already employed in an address of the same network interface and the same network prefix. In the event that an unacceptable identifier has been generated, this situation SHOULD be handled in the same way as the case of duplicate addresses (see Section 6).
This document does not require the use of any specific PRF for the function F() above, since the choice of such PRF is usually a trade- off between a number of properties (processing requirements, ease of implementation, possible intellectual property rights, etc.), and since the best possible choice for F() might be different for different types of devices (e.g., embedded systems vs. regular servers) and might possibly change over time.
Including the SLAAC prefix in the PRF computation causes the Interface Identifier to vary across each prefix (link-local, global, etc.) employed by the host and, consequently, also across networks. This mitigates the correlation of activities of multihomed hosts (since each of the corresponding addresses will typically employ a different prefix), host-tracking (since the network prefix will change as the host moves from one network to another), and any other attacks that benefit from predictable Interface Identifiers (such as IPv6 address-scanning attacks).
The Net_Iface is a value that identifies the network interface for which an IPv6 address is being generated. The following properties are required for the Net_Iface parameter:
o It MUST be constant across system bootstrap sequences and other
network events (e.g., bringing another interface up or down).
o It MUST be different for each network interface simultaneously in
use.
Since the stability of the addresses generated with this method relies on the stability of all arguments of F(), it is key that the Net_Iface parameter be constant across system bootstrap sequences and other network events. Additionally, the Net_Iface parameter must uniquely identify an interface within the host, such that two interfaces connecting to the same network do not result in duplicate addresses. Different types of operating systems might benefit from different stability properties of the Net_Iface parameter. For example, a client-oriented operating system might want to employ Net_Iface identifiers that are attached to the NIC, such that a removable NIC always gets the same IPv6 address, irrespective of the system communications port to which it is attached. On the other hand, a server-oriented operating system might prefer Net_Iface identifiers that are attached to system slots/ports, such that replacement of a NIC does not result in an IPv6 address change. Appendix A discusses possible sources for the Net_Iface along with their pros and cons.
Including the optional Network_ID parameter when computing the RID value above causes the algorithm to produce a different Interface Identifier when connecting to different networks, even when configuring addresses belonging to the same prefix. This means that a host would employ a different Interface Identifier as it moves from one network to another even for IPv6 link-local addresses or Unique Local Addresses (ULAs) RFC4193. In those scenarios where the Network_ID is unknown to the attacker, including this parameter might help mitigate attacks where a victim host connects to the same subnet as the attacker and the attacker tries to learn the Interface Identifier used by the victim host for a remote network (see Section 8 for further details).
The DAD_Counter parameter provides the means to intentionally cause this algorithm to produce different IPv6 addresses (all other parameters being the same). This could be necessary to resolve DAD conflicts, as discussed in detail in Section 6.
Note that the result of F() in the algorithm above is no more secure than the secret key. If an attacker is aware of the PRF that is being used by the victim (which we should expect), and the attacker can obtain enough material (i.e., addresses configured by the victim), the attacker may simply search the entire secret-key space to find matches. To protect against this, key lengths of at least 128 bits should be adequate. The secret key is initialized at system installation time to a pseudorandom number, thus allowing this mechanism to be enabled and used automatically, without user intervention. Providing a mechanism to display and change the secret_key would allow an administrator to cause a new/replacement system (with the same implementation of this specification) to
generate the same IPv6 addresses as the system being replaced. We note that since the privacy of the scheme specified in this document relies on the secrecy of the secret_key parameter, implementations should constrain access to the secret_key parameter to the extent practicable (e.g., require superuser privileges to access it). Furthermore, in order to prevent leakages of the secret_key parameter, it should not be used for any purposes other than being a parameter to the scheme specified in this document.
We note that all of the bits in the resulting Interface IDs are treated as "opaque" bits RFC7136. For example, the universal/local bit of Modified EUI-64 format identifiers is treated as any other bit of such an identifier. In theory, this might result in IPv6 address collisions and DAD failures that would otherwise not be encountered. However, this is not deemed as a likely issue because of the following considerations:
o The interface IDs of all addresses (except those of addresses that
start with the binary value 000) are 64 bits long. Since the method specified in this document results in random Interface IDs, the probability of DAD failures is very small.
o Real-world data indicates that MAC address reuse is far more
common than assumed [HD-MOORE]. This means that even IPv6 addresses that employ (allegedly) unique identifiers (such as IEEE LAN MAC addresses) might result in DAD failures and, hence, implementations should be prepared to gracefully handle such occurrences. Additionally, some virtualization technologies already employ hardware addresses that are randomly selected, and, hence, cannot be guaranteed to be unique [IPV6-RECON].
o Since some popular and widely deployed operating systems (such as
Microsoft Windows) do not embed hardware addresses in the Interface IDs of their stable addresses, reliance on such unique identifiers is reduced in the deployed world (fewer deployed systems rely on them for the avoidance of address collisions).
Finally, we note that since different implementations are likely to use different values for the secret_key parameter, and may also employ different PRFs for F() and different sources for the Net_Iface parameter, the addresses generated by this scheme should not expected to be stable across different operating-system installations. For example, a host that is dual-boot or that is reinstalled may result in different IPv6 addresses for each operating system and/or installation.
Resolving DAD Conflicts
If, as a result of performing DAD RFC4862, a host finds that the tentative address generated with the algorithm specified in Section 5 is a duplicate address, it SHOULD resolve the address conflict by trying a new tentative address as follows:
o DAD_Counter is incremented by 1.
o A new Interface Identifier is generated with the algorithm
specified in Section 5, using the incremented DAD_Counter value.
Hosts SHOULD introduce a random delay between 0 and IDGEN_DELAY seconds (see Section 7) before trying a new tentative address, to avoid lockstep behavior of multiple hosts.
This procedure may be repeated a number of times until the address conflict is resolved. Hosts SHOULD try at least IDGEN_RETRIES (see Section 7) tentative addresses if DAD fails for successive generated addresses, in the hopes of resolving the address conflict. We also note that hosts MUST limit the number of tentative addresses that are tried (rather than indefinitely try a new tentative address until the conflict is resolved).
In those unlikely scenarios in which duplicate addresses are detected and the order in which the conflicting hosts configure their addresses varies (e.g., because they may be bootstrapped in different orders), the algorithm specified in this section for resolving DAD conflicts could lead to addresses that are not stable within the same subnet. In order to mitigate this potential problem, hosts MAY record the DAD_Counter value employed for a specific {Prefix, Net_Iface, Network_ID} tuple in non-volatile memory, such that the same DAD_Counter value is employed when configuring an address for the same Prefix and subnet at any other point in time. We note that the use of non-volatile memory is OPTIONAL, and hosts that do not implement this feature are still compliant to this protocol specification.
In the event that a DAD conflict cannot be solved (possibly after trying a number of different addresses), address configuration would fail. In those scenarios, hosts MUST NOT automatically fall back to employing other algorithms for generating Interface Identifiers.
Specified Constants
This document specifies the following constant:
IDGEN_RETRIES:
defaults to 3.
IDGEN_DELAY:
defaults to 1 second.
Security Considerations
This document specifies an algorithm for generating Interface Identifiers to be used with IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC), as an alternative to e.g., Interface Identifiers that embed hardware addresses (such as those specified in RFC2464, RFC2467, and RFC2470). When compared to such identifiers, the identifiers specified in this document have a number of advantages:
o They prevent trivial host-tracking based on the IPv6 address,
since when a host moves from one network to another the network prefix used for autoconfiguration and/or the Network ID (e.g., IEEE 802.11 SSID) will typically change; hence, the resulting Interface Identifier will also change (see [ADDR-GEN-PRIVACY]).
o They mitigate address-scanning techniques that leverage
predictable Interface Identifiers (e.g., known Organizationally Unique Identifiers) [IPV6-RECON].
o They may result in IPv6 addresses that are independent of the
underlying hardware (i.e., the resulting IPv6 addresses do not change if a network interface card is replaced) if an appropriate source for Net_Iface (see Section 5) is employed.
o They prevent the information leakage produced by embedding
hardware addresses in the Interface Identifier (which could be exploited to launch device-specific attacks).
o Since the method specified in this document will result in
different Interface Identifiers for each configured address, knowledge or leakage of the Interface Identifier employed for one stable address will not negatively affect the security/privacy of other stable addresses configured for other prefixes (whether at the same time or at some other point in time).
We note that while some probing techniques (such as the use of ICMPv6 Echo Request and ICMPv6 Echo Response packets) could be mitigated by a personal firewall at the target host, for other probing vectors,
such as listening to ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable, Address Unreachable" (Type 1, Code 3) error messages that refer to the target addresses [IPV6-RECON], there is nothing a host can do (e.g., a personal firewall at the target host would not be able to mitigate this probing technique). Hence, the method specified in this document is still of value for hosts that employ personal firewalls.
In scenarios in which an attacker can connect to the same subnet as a victim host, the attacker might be able to learn the Interface Identifier employed by the victim host for an arbitrary prefix by simply sending a forged Router Advertisement RFC4861 for that prefix, and subsequently learning the corresponding address configured by the victim host (either listening to the Duplicate Address Detection packets or to any other traffic that employs the newly configured address). We note that a number of factors might limit the ability of an attacker to successfully perform such an attack:
o First-Hop security mechanisms such as Router Advertisement Guard
(RA-Guard) RFC6105 RFC7113 could prevent the forged Router Advertisement from reaching the victim host.
o If the victim implementation includes the (optional) Network_ID
parameter for computing F() (see Section 5), and the Network_ID employed by the victim for a remote network is unknown to the attacker, the Interface Identifier learned by the attacker would differ from the one used by the victim when connecting to the legitimate network.
In any case, we note that at the point in which this kind of attack becomes a concern, a host should consider employing SEND RFC3971 to prevent an attacker from illegitimately claiming authority for a network prefix.
We note that this algorithm is meant to be an alternative to Interface Identifiers such as those specified in RFC2464, but it is not meant as an alternative to temporary Interface Identifiers (such as those specified in RFC4941). Clearly, temporary addresses may help to mitigate the correlation of activities of a host within the same network, and they may also reduce the attack exposure window (since temporary addresses are short-lived when compared to the addresses generated with the method specified in this document). We note that the implementation of this specification would still benefit those hosts employing temporary addresses, since it would mitigate host-tracking vectors still present when such addresses are used (see [ADDR-GEN-PRIVACY]) and would also mitigate address- scanning techniques that leverage patterns in IPv6 addresses that embed IEEE LAN MAC addresses. Finally, we note that the method
described in this document addresses some of the privacy concerns arising from the use of IPv6 addresses that embed IEEE LAN MAC addresses, without the use of temporary addresses, thus possibly offering an interesting trade-off for those scenarios in which the use of temporary addresses is not feasible.
Acknowledgements
The algorithm specified in this document has been inspired by Steven Bellovin's work (RFC1948) in the area of TCP sequence numbers.
The author would like to thank (in alphabetical order) Mikael Abrahamsson, Ran Atkinson, Karl Auer, Steven Bellovin, Matthias Bethke, Ben Campbell, Brian Carpenter, Tassos Chatzithomaoglou, Tim Chown, Alissa Cooper, Dominik Elsbroek, Stephen Farrell, Eric Gray, Brian Haberman, Bob Hinden, Christian Huitema, Ray Hunter, Jouni Korhonen, Suresh Krishnan, Eliot Lear, Jong-Hyouk Lee, Andrew McGregor, Thomas Narten, Simon Perreault, Tom Petch, Michael Richardson, Vincent Roca, Mark Smith, Hannes Frederic Sowa, Martin Stiemerling, Dave Thaler, Ole Troan, Lloyd Wood, James Woodyatt, and He Xuan, for providing valuable comments on earlier versions of this document.
Hannes Frederic Sowa produced a reference implementation of this specification for the Linux kernel.
Finally, the author wishes to thank Nelida Garcia and Guillermo Gont for their love and support.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
RFC2119 Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
RFC2460 Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
RFC3315 Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
RFC3971 Arkko, J., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander, "SEcure
Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, March 2005.
RFC3972 Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
RFC 3972, March 2005.
RFC4086 Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.
RFC4122 Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, July 2005.
RFC4193 Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
RFC4291 Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
RFC4861 Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, September 2007.
RFC4862 Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.
RFC4941 Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007.
RFC5453 Krishnan, S., "Reserved IPv6 Interface Identifiers", RFC
5453, February 2009.
RFC7136 Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Significance of IPv6
Interface Identifiers", RFC 7136, February 2014.
10.2. Informative References
[ADDR-GEN-PRIVACY]
Cooper, A., Gont, F., and D. Thaler, "Privacy
Considerations for IPv6 Address Generation Mechanisms",
Work in Progress, February 2014.
[BROERSMA] Broersma, R., "IPv6 Everywhere: Living with a Fully
IPv6-enabled environment", Australian IPv6 Summit 2010,
Melbourne, VIC Australia, October 2010,
<http://www.ipv6.org.au/10ipv6summit/talks/
Ron_Broersma.pdf>.
[CPNI-IPV6]
Gont, F., "Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol
version 6 (IPv6)", UK Centre for the Protection of
National Infrastructure, (available on request).
[FIPS-SHS] NIST, "Secure Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS Publication
180-4, March 2012, <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/ fips/fips180-4/fips-180-4.pdf>.
[GONT-DEEPSEC2011]
Gont, F., "Results of a Security Assessment of the
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", DEEPSEC 2011
Conference, Vienna, Austria, November 2011,
<http://www.si6networks.com/presentations/deepsec2011/
fgont-deepsec2011-ipv6-security.pdf>.
[HD-MOORE] Moore, HD., "The Wild West", Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A,
DerbyCon 2012, September 2012, <https://speakerdeck.com/ hdm/derbycon-2012-the-wild-west>.
[IAB-PRIVACY]
IAB, "Privacy and IPv6 Addresses", July 2011,
<http://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2011/07/
IPv6-addresses-privacy-review.txt>.
[IANA-RESERVED-IID]
IANA, "Reserved IPv6 Interface Identifiers",
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-interface-ids>.
[IPV6-RECON]
Gont, F. and T. Chown, "Network Reconnaissance in IPv6
Networks", Work in Progress, January 2014.
RFC1321 Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
April 1992.
RFC1948 Bellovin, S., "Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks",
RFC 1948, May 1996.
RFC2464 Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet
Networks", RFC 2464, December 1998.
RFC2467 Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over FDDI
Networks", RFC 2467, December 1998.
RFC2470 Crawford, M., Narten, T., and S. Thomas, "Transmission of
IPv6 Packets over Token Ring Networks", RFC 2470, December 1998.
RFC3493 Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and W.
Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC
3493, February 2003.
RFC3542 Stevens, W., Thomas, M., Nordmark, E., and T. Jinmei,
"Advanced Sockets Application Program Interface (API) for
IPv6", RFC 3542, May 2003.
RFC6059 Krishnan, S. and G. Daley, "Simple Procedures for
Detecting Network Attachment in IPv6", RFC 6059, November 2010.
RFC6105 Levy-Abegnoli, E., Van de Velde, G., Popoviciu, C., and J.
Mohacsi, "IPv6 Router Advertisement Guard", RFC 6105, February 2011.
RFC6151 Turner, S. and L. Chen, "Updated Security Considerations
for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms",
RFC 6151, March 2011.
RFC7113 Gont, F., "Implementation Advice for IPv6 Router
Advertisement Guard (RA-Guard)", RFC 7113, February 2014.
Appendix A. Possible Sources for the Net_Iface Parameter
The following subsections describe a number of possible sources for the Net_Iface parameter employed by the F() function in Section 5. The choice of a specific source for this value represents a number of trade-offs, which may vary from one implementation to another.
A.1. Interface Index
The Interface Index RFC3493 RFC3542 of an interface uniquely identifies that interface within the node. However, these identifiers might or might not have the stability properties required for the Net_Iface value employed by this method. For example, the Interface Index might change upon removal or installation of a network interface (typically one with a smaller value for the Interface Index, when such a naming scheme is used) or when network interfaces happen to be initialized in a different order. We note that some implementations are known to provide configuration knobs to set the Interface Index for a given interface. Such configuration knobs could be employed to prevent the Interface Index from changing (e.g., as a result of the removal of a network interface).
A.2. Interface Name
The Interface Name (e.g., "eth0", "em0", etc.) tends to be more stable than the underlying Interface Index, since such stability is required or desired when interface names are employed in network configuration (firewall rules, etc.). The stability properties of Interface Names depend on implementation details, such as what is the namespace used for Interface Names. For example, "generic" interface names such as "eth0" or "wlan0" will generally be invariant with respect to network interface card replacements. On the other hand, vendor-dependent interface names such as "rtk0" or the like will generally change when a network interface card is replaced with one from a different vendor.
We note that Interface Names might still change when network interfaces are added or removed once the system has been bootstrapped (for example, consider USB-based network interface cards that might be added or removed once the system has been bootstrapped).
A.3. Link-Layer Addresses
Link-layer addresses typically provide for unique identifiers for network interfaces; although, for obvious reasons, they generally change when a network interface card is replaced. In scenarios in which neither Interface Indexes nor Interface Names have the stability properties specified in Section 5 for Net_Iface, an
implementation might want to employ the link-layer address of the interface for the Net_Iface parameter, albeit at the expense of making the corresponding IPv6 addresses dependent on the underlying network interface card (i.e., the corresponding IPv6 addresses would typically change upon replacement of the underlying network interface card).
A.4. Logical Network Service Identity
Host operating systems with a conception of logical network service identity, distinct from network interface identity or index, may keep a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) RFC4122 or similar identifier with the stability properties appropriate for use as the Net_Iface parameter.
Author's Address
Fernando Gont SI6 Networks / UTN-FRH Evaristo Carriego 2644 Haedo, Provincia de Buenos Aires 1706 Argentina
Phone: +54 11 4650 8472 EMail: [email protected] URI: http://www.si6networks.com
