RFC7597
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) O. Troan, Ed. Request for Comments: 7597 W. Dec Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems ISSN: 2070-1721 X. Li
C. Bao
Tsinghua University
S. Matsushima
SoftBank Telecom
T. Murakami
IP Infusion
T. Taylor, Ed.
Huawei Technologies
July 2015
Mapping of Address and Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E)
Abstract
This document describes a mechanism for transporting IPv4 packets across an IPv6 network using IP encapsulation. It also describes a generic mechanism for mapping between IPv6 addresses and IPv4 addresses as well as transport-layer ports.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7597.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
8.3.2. Receiving IPv4 Fragments on the MAP Domain
Appendix B. A More Detailed Description of the Derivation of the
Contents
Introduction
Mapping of IPv4 addresses in IPv6 addresses has been described in numerous mechanisms dating back to the mid-1990s RFC1933 RFC4213. The "automatic tunneling" mechanism as first described in RFC1933 assigned a globally unique IPv6 address to a host by combining the host's IPv4 address with a well-known IPv6 prefix. Given an IPv6 packet with a destination address with an embedded IPv4 address, a node could automatically tunnel this packet by extracting the IPv4 tunnel endpoint address from the IPv6 destination address.
There are numerous variations of this idea, as described in 6over4 RFC2529, 6to4 RFC3056, the Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) RFC5214, and IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) RFC5969.
The commonalities of all of these IPv6-over-IPv4 mechanisms are as follows:
o Automatic provisioning of an IPv6 address for a host or an IPv6
prefix for a site.
o Algorithmic or implicit address resolution of tunnel endpoint
addresses. Given an IPv6 destination address, an IPv4 tunnel endpoint address can be calculated.
o Embedding of an IPv4 address or part thereof into an IPv6 address.
In later phases of IPv4-to-IPv6 migration, it is expected that IPv6-only networks will be common, while there will still be a need for residual IPv4 deployment. This document describes a generic mapping of IPv4 to IPv6 and a mechanism for encapsulating IPv4 over IPv6.
Just as for the IPv6-over-IPv4 mechanisms referred to above, the residual IPv4-over-IPv6 mechanism must be capable of:
o Provisioning an IPv4 prefix, an IPv4 address, or a shared IPv4
address.
o Algorithmically mapping between an IPv4 prefix, an IPv4 address,
or a shared IPv4 address and an IPv6 address.
The mapping scheme described here supports encapsulation of IPv4 packets in IPv6 in both mesh and hub-and-spoke topologies, including address mappings with full independence between IPv6 and IPv4 addresses.
This document describes the delivery of IPv4 unicast service across an IPv6 infrastructure. IPv4 multicast is not considered in this document.
The Address plus Port (A+P) architecture of sharing an IPv4 address by distributing the port space is described in RFC6346. Specifically, Section 4 of RFC6346 covers stateless mapping. The corresponding stateful solution, Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite), is described in RFC6333. The motivations for this work are described in [Solutions-4v6].
RFC7598 defines DHCPv6 options for the provisioning of MAP. Other means of provisioning are possible. Deployment considerations are described in [MAP-Deploy].
MAP relies on IPv6 and is designed to deliver dual-stack service while allowing IPv4 to be phased out within the service provider's (SP's) network. The phasing out of IPv4 within the SP network is independent of whether the end user disables IPv4 service or not. Further, "greenfield" IPv6-only networks may use MAP in order to deliver IPv4 to sites via the IPv6 network.
Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 RFC2119.
Terminology
MAP domain: One or more MAP Customer Edge (CE) devices
and Border Relays (BRs) connected to the same
virtual link. A service provider may deploy
a single MAP domain or may utilize multiple
MAP domains.
MAP Rule: A set of parameters describing the mapping
between an IPv4 prefix, IPv4 address, or
shared IPv4 address and an IPv6 prefix or
address. Each domain uses a different
mapping rule set.
MAP node: A device that implements MAP.
MAP Border Relay (BR): A MAP-enabled router managed by the service
provider at the edge of a MAP domain. A BR
has at least an IPv6-enabled interface and an
IPv4 interface connected to the native IPv4
network. A MAP BR may also be referred to as
simply a "BR" within the context of MAP.
MAP Customer Edge (CE): A device functioning as a Customer Edge
router in a MAP deployment. A typical MAP CE
adopting MAP Rules will serve a residential
site with one WAN-side interface and one or
more LAN-side interfaces. A MAP CE may also
be referred to as simply a "CE" within the
context of MAP.
Port set: Each node has a separate part of the
transport-layer port space; this is denoted
as a port set.
Port Set ID (PSID): Algorithmically identifies a set of ports
exclusively assigned to a CE.
Shared IPv4 address: An IPv4 address that is shared among multiple
CEs. Only ports that belong to the assigned
port set can be used for communication. Also
known as a port-restricted IPv4 address.
End-user IPv6 prefix: The IPv6 prefix assigned to an End-user CE by
means other than MAP itself, e.g.,
provisioned using DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation
(PD) RFC3633, assigned via Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) RFC4862,
or configured manually. It is unique for
each CE.
MAP IPv6 address: The IPv6 address used to reach the MAP
function of a CE from other CEs and from BRs.
Rule IPv6 prefix: An IPv6 prefix assigned by a service provider
for a mapping rule.
Rule IPv4 prefix: An IPv4 prefix assigned by a service provider
for a mapping rule.
Embedded Address (EA) bits:
The IPv4 EA-bits in the IPv6 address identify
an IPv4 prefix/address (or part thereof) or a
shared IPv4 address (or part thereof) and a
Port Set Identifier.
Architecture
In accordance with the requirements stated above, the MAP mechanism can operate with shared IPv4 addresses, full IPv4 addresses, or IPv4 prefixes. Operation with shared IPv4 addresses is described here, and the differences for full IPv4 addresses and prefixes are described below.
The MAP mechanism uses existing standard building blocks. The existing Network Address and Port Translator (NAPT) RFC2663 on the CE is used with additional support for restricting transport-protocol ports, ICMP identifiers, and fragment identifiers to the configured port set. For packets outbound from the private IPv4 network, the CE NAPT MUST translate transport identifiers (e.g., TCP and UDP port numbers) so that they fall within the CE's assigned port range.
The NAPT MUST in turn be connected to a MAP-aware forwarding function that does encapsulation/decapsulation of IPv4 packets in IPv6. MAP supports the encapsulation mode specified in RFC2473. In addition, MAP specifies an algorithm to do "address resolution" from an IPv4 address and port to an IPv6 address. This algorithmic mapping is specified in Section 5.
The MAP architecture described here restricts the use of the shared IPv4 address to only be used as the global address (outside) of the NAPT running on the CE. A shared IPv4 address MUST NOT be used to identify an interface. While it is theoretically possible to make host stacks and applications port-aware, it would be a drastic change to the IP model RFC6250.
For full IPv4 addresses and IPv4 prefixes, the architecture just described applies, with two differences: first, a full IPv4 address or IPv4 prefix can be used as it is today, e.g., for identifying an interface or as a DHCP pool, respectively. Second, the NAPT is not required to restrict the ports used on outgoing packets.
This architecture is illustrated in Figure 1.
User N Private IPv4 | Network |
O--+---------------O | | MAP CE | | +-----+--------+ | | NAPT44| MAP | | | +-----+ | |\ ,-------. .------. | +--------+ | \ ,-' `-. ,-' `-. O------------------O / \ O---------O / Public \
/ IPv6-only \ | MAP | / IPv4 \
( Network --+ Border +- Network )
\ (MAP Domain) / | Relay | \ /
O------------------O \ / O---------O \ / | MAP CE | /". ,-' `-. ,-' | +-----+--------+ | / `----+--' ------' | NAPT44| MAP | |/ | +-----+ | | | | +--------+ | O---+--------------O
|
User M
Private IPv4
Network
Figure 1: Network Topology
The MAP BR connects one or more MAP domains to external IPv4 networks.
Mapping Algorithm
A MAP node is provisioned with one or more mapping rules.
Mapping rules are used differently, depending on their function. Every MAP node must be provisioned with a Basic Mapping Rule. This is used by the node to configure its IPv4 address, IPv4 prefix, or shared IPv4 address. This same basic rule can also be used for forwarding, where an IPv4 destination address and, optionally, a destination port are mapped into an IPv6 address. Additional mapping rules are specified to allow for multiple different IPv4 subnets to exist within the domain and optimize forwarding between them.
Traffic outside of the domain (i.e., when the destination IPv4 address does not match (using longest matching prefix) any Rule IPv4 prefix in the Rules database) is forwarded to the BR.
There are two types of mapping rules:
1. Basic Mapping Rule (BMR) - mandatory. A CE can be provisioned
with multiple End-user IPv6 prefixes. There can only be one Basic Mapping Rule per End-user IPv6 prefix. However, all CEs having End-user IPv6 prefixes within (aggregated by) the same Rule IPv6 prefix may share the same Basic Mapping Rule. In combination with the End-user IPv6 prefix, the Basic Mapping Rule is used to derive the IPv4 prefix, address, or shared address and the PSID assigned to the CE.
2. Forwarding Mapping Rule (FMR) - optional; used for forwarding.
The Basic Mapping Rule may also be a Forwarding Mapping Rule. Each Forwarding Mapping Rule will result in an entry in the rule table for the Rule IPv4 prefix. Given a destination IPv4 address and port within the MAP domain, a MAP node can use the matching FMR to derive the End-user IPv6 address of the interface through which that IPv4 destination address and port combination can be reached. In hub-and-spoke mode, there are no FMRs.
Both mapping rules share the same parameters:
o Rule IPv6 prefix (including prefix length)
o Rule IPv4 prefix (including prefix length)
o Rule EA-bit length (in bits)
A MAP node finds its BMR by doing a longest match between the End-user IPv6 prefix and the Rule IPv6 prefix in the Mapping Rules table. The rule is then used for IPv4 prefix, address, or shared address assignment.
A MAP IPv6 address is formed from the BMR Rule IPv6 prefix. This address MUST be assigned to an interface of the MAP node and is used to terminate all MAP traffic being sent or received to the node.
Port-restricted IPv4 routes are installed in the rule table for all the Forwarding Mapping Rules, and a default route is installed to the MAP BR (see Section 5.4).
Forwarding Mapping Rules are used to allow direct communication between MAP CEs; this is known as "Mesh mode". In hub-and-spoke mode, there are no Forwarding Mapping Rules; all traffic MUST be forwarded directly to the BR.
While an FMR is optional in the sense that a MAP CE MAY be configured with zero or more FMRs -- depending on the deployment -- all MAP CEs MUST implement support for both rule types.
Port-Mapping Algorithm
The port-mapping algorithm is used in domains whose rules allow IPv4 address sharing.
The simplest way to represent a port range is using a notation similar to Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) RFC4632. For example, the first 256 ports are represented as port prefix 0.0/8 and the last 256 ports as 255.0/8. In hexadecimal, these would be 0x0000/8 (PSID = 0) and 0xFF00/8 (PSID = 0xFF), respectively. Using this technique but wishing to avoid allocating the system ports RFC6335 to the user, one would have to exclude the use of one or more PSIDs (e.g., PSIDs 0 to 3 in the example just given).
When the PSID is embedded in the End-user IPv6 prefix, it is desirable to minimize the restrictions of possible PSID values in order to minimize dependencies between the End-user IPv6 prefix and the assigned port set. This is achieved by using an infix representation of the port value. Using such a representation, the well-known ports are excluded by restrictions on the value of the high-order bit field (A) rather than the PSID.
The infix algorithm allocates ports to a given CE as a series of contiguous ranges spaced at regular intervals throughout the complete range of possible port-set values.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-----------+-----------+-------+
Ports in | A | PSID | j |
the CE port set | > 0 | | |
+-----------+-----------+-------+
| a bits | k bits |m bits |
Figure 2: Structure of a Port-Restricted Port Field
a bits: The number of offset bits -- 6 by default, as this excludes
the system ports (0-1023). To guarantee non-overlapping
port sets, the offset 'a' MUST be the same for every MAP CE
sharing the same address.
A: Selects the range of the port number. For 'a' > 0, A MUST
be larger than 0. This ensures that the algorithm excludes
the system ports. For the default value of 'a' (6), the
system ports are excluded by requiring that A be greater
than 0. Smaller values of 'a' exclude a larger initial
range, e.g., 'a' = 4 will exclude ports 0-4095. The
interval between initial port numbers of successive
contiguous ranges assigned to the same user is 2^(16 - a).
k bits: The length in bits of the PSID field. To guarantee
non-overlapping port sets, the length 'k' MUST be the same
for every MAP CE sharing the same address. The sharing
ratio is 2^k. The number of ports assigned to the user is
2^(16 - k) - 2^m (excluded ports).
PSID: The Port Set Identifier (PSID). Different PSID values
guarantee non-overlapping port sets, thanks to the
restrictions on 'a' and 'k' stated above, because the PSID
always occupies the same bit positions in the port number.
m bits: The number of contiguous ports is given by 2^m.
j: Selects the specific port within a particular range
specified by the concatenation of A and the PSID.
Basic Mapping Rule (BMR)
The Basic Mapping Rule is mandatory and is used by the CE to provision itself with an IPv4 prefix, IPv4 address, or shared IPv4 address. Recall from Section 5 that the BMR consists of the following parameters:
o Rule IPv6 prefix (including prefix length)
o Rule IPv4 prefix (including prefix length)
o Rule EA-bit length (in bits)
Figure 3 shows the structure of the complete MAP IPv6 address as specified in this document.
| n bits | o bits | s bits | 128-n-o-s bits | +--------------------+-----------+---------+-----------------------+ | Rule IPv6 prefix | EA bits |subnet ID| interface ID | +--------------------+-----------+---------+-----------------------+ |<--- End-user IPv6 prefix --->|
Figure 3: MAP IPv6 Address Format
The Rule IPv6 prefix is common among all CEs using the same Basic Mapping Rule within the MAP domain. The EA bit field encodes the CE-specific IPv4 address and port information. The EA bit field, which is unique for a given Rule IPv6 prefix, can contain a full or partial IPv4 address and, in the shared IPv4 address case, a PSID. An EA bit field length of 0 signifies that all relevant MAP IPv4 addressing information is passed directly in the BMR and is not derived from the EA bit field in the End-user IPv6 prefix.
The MAP IPv6 address is created by concatenating the End-user IPv6 prefix with the MAP subnet identifier (if the End-user IPv6 prefix is shorter than 64 bits) and the interface identifier as specified in Section 6.
The MAP subnet identifier is defined to be the first subnet (s bits set to zero).
Define:
r = length of the IPv4 prefix given by the BMR;
o = length of the EA bit field as given by the BMR;
p = length of the IPv4 suffix contained in the EA bit field.
The length r MAY be zero, in which case the complete IPv4 address or prefix is encoded in the EA bits. If only a part of the IPv4 address / prefix is encoded in the EA bits, the Rule IPv4 prefix is provisioned to the CE by other means (e.g., a DHCPv6 option). To create a complete IPv4 address (or prefix), the IPv4 address suffix (p) from the EA bits is concatenated with the Rule IPv4 prefix (r bits).
The offset of the EA bit field in the IPv6 address is equal to the BMR Rule IPv6 prefix length. The length of the EA bit field (o) is given by the BMR Rule EA-bit length and can be between 0 and 48. A length of 48 means that the complete IPv4 address and port are
embedded in the End-user IPv6 prefix (a single port is assigned). A length of 0 means that no part of the IPv4 address or port is embedded in the address. The sum of the Rule IPv6 Prefix length and the Rule EA-bit length MUST be less than or equal to the End-user IPv6 prefix length.
If o + r < 32 (length of the IPv4 address in bits), then an IPv4 prefix is assigned. This case is shown in Figure 4.
| r bits | o bits = p bits |
+-------------+---------------------+
| Rule IPv4 | IPv4 address suffix |
+-------------+---------------------+
| < 32 bits |
Figure 4: IPv4 Prefix
If o + r is equal to 32, then a full IPv4 address is to be assigned. The address is created by concatenating the Rule IPv4 prefix and the EA-bits. This case is shown in Figure 5.
| r bits | o bits = p bits |
+-------------+---------------------+
| Rule IPv4 | IPv4 address suffix |
+-------------+---------------------+
| 32 bits |
Figure 5: Complete IPv4 Address
If o + r is > 32, then a shared IPv4 address is to be assigned. The number of IPv4 address suffix bits (p) in the EA bits is given by 32 - r bits. The PSID bits are used to create a port set. The length of the PSID bit field within the EA bits is q = o - p.
| r bits | p bits | | q bits | +-------------+---------------------+ +------------+ | Rule IPv4 | IPv4 address suffix | |Port Set ID | +-------------+---------------------+ +------------+ | 32 bits |
Figure 6: Shared IPv4 Address
The length of r MAY be 32, with no part of the IPv4 address embedded in the EA bits. This results in a mapping with no dependence between the IPv4 address and the IPv6 address. In addition, the length of o MAY be zero (no EA bits embedded in the End-user IPv6 prefix), meaning that the PSID is also provisioned using, for example, DHCP.
See Appendix A for an example of the Basic Mapping Rule.
Forwarding Mapping Rule (FMR)
The Forwarding Mapping Rule is optional and is used in Mesh mode to enable direct CE-to-CE connectivity.
On adding an FMR rule, an IPv4 route is installed in the rule table for the Rule IPv4 prefix (Figures 4, 5, and 6).
| 32 bits | | 16 bits | +--------------------------+ +-------------------+ | IPv4 destination address | | IPv4 dest port | +--------------------------+ +-------------------+
: : ___/ :
| p bits | / q bits :
+-----------+ +------------+
|IPv4 suffix| |Port Set ID |
+-----------+ +------------+
\ / ____/ ________/
\ : __/ _____/
\ : / /
| n bits | o bits | s bits | 128-n-o-s bits | +--------------------+-----------+---------+------------+----------+ | Rule IPv6 prefix | EA bits |subnet ID| interface ID | +--------------------+-----------+---------+-----------------------+ |<--- End-user IPv6 prefix --->|
Figure 7: Derivation of MAP IPv6 Address
See Appendix A for an example of the Forwarding Mapping Rule.
Destinations outside the MAP Domain
IPv4 traffic between MAP nodes that are all within one MAP domain is encapsulated in IPv6, with the sender's MAP IPv6 address as the IPv6 source address and the receiving MAP node's MAP IPv6 address as the IPv6 destination address. To reach IPv4 destinations outside of the MAP domain, traffic is also encapsulated in IPv6, but the destination IPv6 address is set to the configured IPv6 address of the MAP BR.
On the CE, the path to the BR can be represented as a point-to-point IPv4-over-IPv6 tunnel RFC2473 with the source address of the tunnel being the CE's MAP IPv6 address and the BR IPv6 address as the remote tunnel address. When MAP is enabled, a typical CE router will install a default IPv4 route to the BR.
The BR forwards traffic received from the outside to CEs using the normal MAP forwarding rules.
The IPv6 Interface Identifier
The interface identifier format of a MAP node is described below.
| 128-n-o-s bits |
| 16 bits| 32 bits | 16 bits|
+--------+----------------+--------+
| 0 | IPv4 address | PSID |
+--------+----------------+--------+
Figure 8: IPv6 Interface Identifier
In the case of an IPv4 prefix, the IPv4 address field is right-padded with zeros up to 32 bits. The PSID field is left-padded with zeros to create a 16-bit field. For an IPv4 prefix or a complete IPv4 address, the PSID field is zero.
If the End-user IPv6 prefix length is larger than 64, the most significant parts of the interface identifier are overwritten by the prefix.
MAP Configuration
For a given MAP domain, the BR and CE MUST be configured with the following MAP elements. The configured values for these elements are identical for all CEs and BRs within a given MAP domain.
o The Basic Mapping Rule and, optionally, the Forwarding Mapping
Rules, including the Rule IPv6 prefix, Rule IPv4 prefix, and Length of EA bits.
o Hub-and-spoke mode or Mesh mode (if all traffic should be sent to
the BR, or if direct CE-to-CE traffic should be supported).
In addition, the MAP CE MUST be configured with the IPv6 address(es) of the MAP BR (Section 5.4).
MAP CE
The MAP elements are set to values that are the same across all CEs within a MAP domain. The values may be configured in a variety of ways, including provisioning methods such as the Broadband Forum's "TR-69" Residential Gateway management interface [TR069], an XML-based object retrieved after IPv6 connectivity is established, or manual configuration by an administrator. IPv6 DHCP options for MAP
configuration are defined in RFC7598. Other configuration and management methods may use the formats described by these options for consistency and convenience of implementation on CEs that support multiple configuration methods.
The only remaining provisioning information the CE requires in order to calculate the MAP IPv4 address and enable IPv4 connectivity is the IPv6 prefix for the CE. The End-user IPv6 prefix is configured as part of obtaining IPv6 Internet access.
The MAP provisioning parameters, and hence the IPv4 service itself, are tied to the associated End-user IPv6 prefix lifetime; thus, the MAP service is also tied to this in terms of authorization, accounting, etc.
A single MAP CE MAY be connected to more than one MAP domain, just as any router may have more than one IPv4-enabled service-provider- facing interface and more than one set of associated addresses assigned by DHCP. Each domain within which a given CE operates would require its own set of MAP configuration elements and would generate its own IPv4 address. Each MAP domain requires a distinct End-user IPv6 prefix.
MAP DHCP options are specified in RFC7598.
MAP BR
The MAP BR MUST be configured with corresponding mapping rules for each MAP domain for which it is acting as a BR.
For increased reliability and load balancing, the BR IPv6 address MAY be an anycast address shared across a given MAP domain. As MAP is stateless, any BR may be used at any time. If the BR IPv6 address is anycast, the relay MUST use this anycast IPv6 address as the source address in packets relayed to CEs.
Since MAP uses provider address space, no specific routes need to be advertised externally for MAP to operate in IPv6 or IPv4 BGP. However, if anycast is used for the MAP IPv6 relays, the anycast addresses must be advertised in the service provider's IGP.
Forwarding Considerations
Figure 1 depicts the overall MAP architecture with IPv4 users connected to a routed IPv6 network.
MAP uses encapsulation mode as specified in RFC2473.
For a shared IPv4 address, a MAP CE forwarding IPv4 packets from the LAN performs NAT44 functions first and creates appropriate NAT44 bindings. The resulting IPv4 packets MUST contain the source IPv4 address and source transport identifiers specified by the MAP provisioning parameters. The IPv4 packet is forwarded using the CE's MAP forwarding function. The IPv6 source and destination addresses MUST then be derived as per Section 5 of this document.
Receiving Rules
A MAP CE receiving an IPv6 packet to its MAP IPv6 address sends this packet to the CE's MAP function, where it is decapsulated. The resulting IPv4 packet is then forwarded to the CE's NAT44 function, where it is handled according to the NAT's translation table.
A MAP BR receiving IPv6 packets selects a best matching MAP domain rule (Rule IPv6 prefix) based on a longest address match of the packet's IPv6 source address, as well as a match of the packet destination address against the configured BR IPv6 address(es). The selected MAP Rule allows the BR to determine the EA-bits from the source IPv6 address.
To prevent spoofing of IPv4 addresses, any MAP node (CE and BR) MUST perform the following validation upon reception of a packet. First, the embedded IPv4 address or prefix, as well as the PSID (if any), are extracted from the source IPv6 address using the matching MAP Rule. These represent the range of what is acceptable as source IPv4 address and port. Second, the node extracts the source IPv4 address and port from the IPv4 packet encapsulated inside the IPv6 packet. If they are found to be outside the acceptable range, the packet MUST be silently discarded and a counter incremented to indicate that a potential spoofing attack may be underway. The source validation checks just described are not done for packets whose source IPv6 address is that of the BR (BR IPv6 address).
By default, the CE router MUST drop packets received on the MAP virtual interface (i.e., after decapsulation of IPv6) for IPv4 destinations not for its own IPv4 shared address, full IPv4 address, or IPv4 prefix.
ICMP
ICMP messages should be supported in MAP domains. Hence, the NAT44 in the MAP CE MUST implement the behavior for ICMP messages conforming to the best current practice documented in RFC5508.
If a MAP CE receives an ICMP message having the ICMP Identifier field in the ICMP header, the NAT44 in the MAP CE MUST rewrite this field to a specific value assigned from the port set. BRs and other CEs must handle this field in a way similar to the handling of a port number in the TCP/UDP header upon receiving the ICMP message with the ICMP Identifier field.
If a MAP node receives an ICMP error message without the ICMP Identifier field for errors that are detected inside an IPv6 tunnel, a node should relay the ICMP error message to the original source. This behavior SHOULD be implemented in accordance with Section 8 of RFC2473.
Fragmentation and Path MTU Discovery
Due to the different sizes of the IPv4 and IPv6 headers, handling the maximum packet size is relevant for the operation of any system connecting the two address families. There are three mechanisms to handle this issue: Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD), fragmentation, and transport-layer negotiation such as the TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS) option RFC879. MAP uses all three mechanisms to deal with different cases.
Fragmentation in the MAP Domain
Encapsulating an IPv4 packet to carry it across the MAP domain will increase its size (typically by 40 bytes). It is strongly recommended that the MTU in the MAP domain be well managed and that the IPv6 MTU on the CE WAN-side interface be set so that no fragmentation occurs within the boundary of the MAP domain.
For an IPv4 packet entering a MAP domain, fragmentation is performed as described in Section 7.2 of RFC2473.
The use of an anycast source address could lead to an ICMP error message generated on the path being sent to a different BR. Therefore, using a dynamically set tunnel MTU (Section 6.7 of RFC2473) is subject to IPv6 Path MTU black holes. A MAP BR using an anycast source address SHOULD NOT by default use Path MTU Discovery across the MAP domain.
Multiple BRs using the same anycast source address could send fragmented packets to the same CE at the same time. If the fragmented packets from different BRs happen to use the same fragment ID, incorrect reassembly might occur. See RFC4459 for an analysis of the problem; Section 3.4 of RFC4459 suggests solving the problem by fragmenting the inner packet.
Receiving IPv4 Fragments on the MAP Domain Borders
The forwarding of an IPv4 packet received from outside of the MAP domain requires the IPv4 destination address and the transport-protocol destination port. The transport-protocol information is only available in the first fragment received. As described in Section 5.3.3 of RFC6346, a MAP node receiving an IPv4 fragmented packet from outside has to reassemble the packet before sending the packet onto the MAP link. If the first packet received contains the transport-protocol information, it is possible to optimize this behavior by using a cache and forwarding the fragments unchanged. Implementers of MAP should be aware that there are a number of well-known attacks against IP fragmentation; see RFC1858 and RFC3128. Implementers should also be aware of additional issues with reassembling packets at high rates, as described in RFC4963.
Sending IPv4 Fragments to the Outside
If two IPv4 hosts behind two different MAP CEs with the same IPv4 address send fragments to an IPv4 destination host outside the domain, those hosts may use the same IPv4 fragmentation identifier, resulting in incorrect reassembly of the fragments at the destination host. Given that the IPv4 fragmentation identifier is a 16-bit field, it could be used similarly to port ranges. A MAP CE could rewrite the IPv4 fragmentation identifier to be within its allocated port set, if the resulting fragment identifier space was large enough related to the rate at which fragments were sent. However, splitting the identifier space in this fashion would increase the probability of reassembly collisions for all connections through the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). See also RFC6864.
NAT44 Considerations
The NAT44 implemented in the MAP CE SHOULD conform to the behavior and best current practices documented in RFC4787, RFC5508, and RFC5382. In MAP address-sharing mode (determined by the MAP domain / rule configuration parameters), the operation of the NAT44 MUST be restricted to the available port numbers derived via the Basic Mapping Rule.
10. Security Considerations
Spoofing attacks: With consistency checks between IPv4 and IPv6
sources that are performed on IPv4/IPv6 packets received by MAP nodes, MAP does not introduce any new opportunity for spoofing attacks that would not already exist in IPv6.
Denial-of-service attacks: In MAP domains where IPv4 addresses are
shared, the fact that IPv4 datagram reassembly may be necessary introduces an opportunity for DoS attacks. This is inherent in address sharing and is common with other address-sharing approaches such as DS-Lite and NAT64/DNS64. The best protection against such attacks is to accelerate IPv6 deployment so that address sharing is used less and less where MAP is supported.
Routing loop attacks: Routing loop attacks may exist in some
"automatic tunneling" scenarios and are documented in RFC6324. They cannot exist with MAP because each BR checks that the IPv6 source address of a received IPv6 packet is a CE address based on the Forwarding Mapping Rule.
Attacks facilitated by restricted port set: From hosts that are not
subject to ingress filtering RFC2827, an attacker can inject spoofed packets during ongoing transport connections RFC4953 RFC5961 RFC6056. The attacks depend on guessing which ports are currently used by target hosts. Using an unrestricted port set is preferable, i.e., using native IPv6 connections that are not subject to MAP port-range restrictions. To minimize these types of attacks when using a restricted port set, the MAP CE's NAT44 filtering behavior SHOULD be "Address-Dependent Filtering" as described in Section 5 of RFC4787. Furthermore, the MAP CEs SHOULD use a DNS transport proxy RFC5625 function to handle DNS traffic and source such traffic from IPv6 interfaces not assigned to MAP.
RFC6269 outlines general issues with IPv4 address sharing.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
RFC2119 Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
RFC2473 Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, DOI 10.17487/RFC2473, December 1998, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2473>.
RFC5625 Bellis, R., "DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines",
BCP 152, RFC 5625, DOI 10.17487/RFC5625, August 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5625>.
11.2. Informative References
[MAP-Deploy]
Sun, Q., Chen, M., Chen, G., Tsou, T., and S. Perreault,
"Mapping of Address and Port (MAP) - Deployment
Considerations", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-softwire-map-deployment-06, June 2015.
RFC879 Postel, J., "The TCP Maximum Segment Size and Related
Topics", RFC 879, DOI 10.17487/RFC0879, November 1983, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc879>.
RFC1858 Ziemba, G., Reed, D., and P. Traina, "Security
Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering", RFC 1858, DOI 10.17487/RFC1858, October 1995, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1858>.
RFC1933 Gilligan, R. and E. Nordmark, "Transition Mechanisms for
IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 1933, DOI 10.17487/RFC1933, April 1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1933>.
RFC2529 Carpenter, B. and C. Jung, "Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4
Domains without Explicit Tunnels", RFC 2529, DOI 10.17487/RFC2529, March 1999, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2529>.
RFC2663 Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations",
RFC 2663, DOI 10.17487/RFC2663, August 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2663>.
RFC2827 Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, DOI 10.17487/RFC2827,
May 2000, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2827>.
RFC3056 Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, DOI 10.17487/RFC3056, February 2001, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3056>.
RFC3128 Miller, I., "Protection Against a Variant of the Tiny
Fragment Attack (RFC 1858)", RFC 3128, DOI 10.17487/RFC3128, June 2001, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3128>.
RFC3633 Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633, DOI 10.17487/RFC3633, December 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3633>.
RFC4213 Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms
for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 4213, DOI 10.17487/RFC4213, October 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4213>.
RFC4459 Savola, P., "MTU and Fragmentation Issues with
In-the-Network Tunneling", RFC 4459, DOI 10.17487/RFC4459, April 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4459>.
RFC4632 Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
(CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, DOI 10.17487/RFC4632,
August 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4632>.
RFC4787 Audet, F., Ed., and C. Jennings, "Network Address
Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast
UDP", BCP 127, RFC 4787, DOI 10.17487/RFC4787,
January 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4787>.
RFC4862 Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.
RFC4953 Touch, J., "Defending TCP Against Spoofing Attacks",
RFC 4953, DOI 10.17487/RFC4953, July 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4953>.
RFC4963 Heffner, J., Mathis, M., and B. Chandler, "IPv4 Reassembly
Errors at High Data Rates", RFC 4963, DOI 10.17487/RFC4963, July 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4963>.
RFC5214 Templin, F., Gleeson, T., and D. Thaler, "Intra-Site
Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)", RFC 5214, DOI 10.17487/RFC5214, March 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5214>.
RFC5382 Guha, S., Ed., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142, RFC 5382, DOI 10.17487/RFC5382, October 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5382>.
RFC5508 Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and S. Guha, "NAT
Behavioral Requirements for ICMP", BCP 148, RFC 5508, DOI 10.17487/RFC5508, April 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5508>.
RFC5961 Ramaiah, A., Stewart, R., and M. Dalal, "Improving TCP's
Robustness to Blind In-Window Attacks", RFC 5961, DOI 10.17487/RFC5961, August 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5961>.
RFC5969 Townsley, W. and O. Troan, "IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4
Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification",
RFC 5969, DOI 10.17487/RFC5969, August 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5969>.
RFC6056 Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Recommendations for
Transport-Protocol Port Randomization", BCP 156, RFC 6056, DOI 10.17487/RFC6056, January 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6056>.
RFC6250 Thaler, D., "Evolution of the IP Model", RFC 6250,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6250, May 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6250>.
RFC6269 Ford, M., Ed., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and
P. Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", RFC 6269, DOI 10.17487/RFC6269, June 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6269>.
RFC6324 Nakibly, G. and F. Templin, "Routing Loop Attack Using
IPv6 Automatic Tunnels: Problem Statement and Proposed
Mitigations", RFC 6324, DOI 10.17487/RFC6324, August 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6324>.
RFC6333 Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee,
"Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", RFC 6333, DOI 10.17487/RFC6333, August 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6333>.
RFC6335 Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S.
Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165,
RFC 6335, DOI 10.17487/RFC6335, August 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6335>.
RFC6346 Bush, R., Ed., "The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to
the IPv4 Address Shortage", RFC 6346, DOI 10.17487/RFC6346, August 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6346>.
RFC6864 Touch, J., "Updated Specification of the IPv4 ID Field",
RFC 6864, DOI 10.17487/RFC6864, February 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6864>.
RFC7598 Mrugalski, T., Troan, O., Farrer, I., Perreault, S., Dec,
W., Bao, C., Yeh, L., and X. Deng, "DHCPv6 Options for
Configuration of Softwire Address and Port-Mapped
Clients", RFC 7598, DOI 10.17487/RFC7598, July 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7598>.
[Solutions-4v6]
Boucadair, M., Ed., Matsushima, S., Lee, Y., Bonness, O.,
Borges, I., and G. Chen, "Motivations for Carrier-side
Stateless IPv4 over IPv6 Migration Solutions", Work in
Progress, draft-ietf-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation-05,
November 2012.
[TR069] Broadband Forum TR-069, "CPE WAN Management Protocol",
Amendment 5, CWMP Version: 1.4, November 2013,
<https://www.broadband-forum.org>.
Appendix A. Examples
Example 1 - Basic Mapping Rule:
Given the MAP domain information and an IPv6 address of an endpoint:
End-user IPv6 prefix: 2001:db8:0012:3400::/56 Basic Mapping Rule: {2001:db8:0000::/40 (Rule IPv6 prefix),
192.0.2.0/24 (Rule IPv4 prefix),
16 (Rule EA-bit length)}
PSID length: (16 - (32 - 24) = 8 (sharing ratio of 256) PSID offset: 6 (default)
A MAP node (CE or BR) can, via the BMR or equivalent FMR, determine the IPv4 address and port set as shown below:
EA bits offset: 40 IPv4 suffix bits (p) Length of IPv4 address (32) -
IPv4 prefix length (24) = 8
IPv4 address: 192.0.2.18 (0xc0000212) PSID start: 40 + p = 40 + 8 = 48 PSID length: o - p = (56 - 40) - 8 = 8 PSID: 0x34
63696-63699, 64720-64723
The BMR information allows a MAP CE to determine (complete) its IPv6 address within the indicated IPv6 prefix.
IPv6 address of MAP CE: 2001:db8:0012:3400:0000:c000:0212:0034
Example 2 - BR:
Another example is a MAP BR, configured with the following FMR when receiving a packet with the following characteristics:
IPv4 source address: 1.2.3.4 (0x01020304) IPv4 source port: 80 IPv4 destination address: 192.0.2.18 (0xc0000212) IPv4 destination port: 1232
Forwarding Mapping Rule: {2001:db8::/40 (Rule IPv6 prefix),
192.0.2.0/24 (Rule IPv4 prefix),
16 (Rule EA-bit length)}
IPv6 address of MAP BR: 2001:db8:ffff::1
The above information allows the BR to derive the mapped destination IPv6 address for the corresponding MAP CE, and also the mapped source IPv6 address for the IPv4 source address, as follows:
IPv4 suffix bits (p): 32 - 24 = 8 (18 (0x12)) PSID length: 8 PSID: 0x34 (1232)
The resulting IPv6 packet will have the following key fields:
IPv6 source address: 2001:db8:ffff::1 IPv6 destination address: 2001:db8:0012:3400:0000:c000:0212:0034
Example 3 - Forwarding Mapping Rule:
An IPv4 host behind the MAP CE (addressed as per the previous examples) corresponding with IPv4 host 1.2.3.4 will have its packets encapsulated by IPv6 using the IPv6 address of the BR configured on the MAP CE as follows:
IPv6 address of BR: 2001:db8:ffff::1 IPv4 source address: 192.0.2.18 IPv4 destination address: 1.2.3.4 IPv4 source port: 1232 IPv4 destination port: 80 MAP CE IPv6 source address: 2001:db8:0012:3400:0000:c000:0212:0034 IPv6 destination address: 2001:db8:ffff::1
Example 4 - Rule with no embedded address bits and no address sharing:
End-user IPv6 prefix: 2001:db8:0012:3400::/56 Basic Mapping Rule: {2001:db8:0012:3400::/56 (Rule IPv6 prefix),
192.0.2.18/32 (Rule IPv4 prefix),
0 (Rule EA-bit length)}
PSID length: 0 (sharing ratio is 1) PSID offset: n/a
A MAP node (CE or BR) can, via the BMR or equivalent FMR, determine the IPv4 address and port set as shown below:
EA bits offset: 0 IPv4 suffix bits (p): Length of IPv4 address (32) -
IPv4 prefix length (32) = 0
IPv4 address: 192.0.2.18 (0xc0000212) PSID start: 0 PSID length: 0 PSID: null
The BMR information allows a MAP CE to also determine (complete) its full IPv6 address by combining the IPv6 prefix with the MAP interface identifier (that embeds the IPv4 address).
IPv6 address of MAP CE: 2001:db8:0012:3400:0000:c000:0212:0000
Example 5 - Rule with no embedded address bits and address sharing (sharing ratio of 256):
End-user IPv6 prefix: 2001:db8:0012:3400::/56 Basic Mapping Rule: {2001:db8:0012:3400::/56 (Rule IPv6 prefix),
192.0.2.18/32 (Rule IPv4 prefix),
0 (Rule EA-bit length)}
PSID length: 8 (from DHCP; sharing ratio of 256) PSID offset: 6 (default) PSID: 0x34 (from DHCP)
A MAP node can, via the Basic Mapping Rule, determine the IPv4 address and port set as shown below:
EA bits offset: 0 IPv4 suffix bits (p): Length of IPv4 address (32) -
IPv4 prefix length (32) = 0
IPv4 address: 192.0.2.18 (0xc0000212) PSID offset: 6 PSID length: 8 PSID: 0x34
63696-63699, 64720-64723
The Basic Mapping Rule information allows a MAP CE to also determine (complete) its full IPv6 address by combining the IPv6 prefix with the MAP interface identifier (that embeds the IPv4 address and PSID).
IPv6 address of MAP CE: 2001:db8:0012:3400:0000:c000:0212:0034
Note that the IPv4 address and PSID are not derived from the IPv6 prefix assigned to the CE but are provisioned separately using, for example, DHCP.
Appendix B. A More Detailed Description of the Derivation of the
Port-Mapping Algorithm
This appendix describes how the port-mapping algorithm described in Section 5.1 was derived. The algorithm is used in domains whose rules allow IPv4 address sharing.
The basic requirement for a port-mapping algorithm is that the port sets it assigns to different MAP CEs MUST be non-overlapping. A number of other requirements guided the choice of the algorithm:
o In keeping with the general MAP algorithm, the port set MUST be
derivable from a Port Set identifier (PSID) that can be embedded in the End-user IPv6 prefix.
o The mapping MUST be reversible such that, given the port number,
the PSID of the port set to which it belongs can be quickly derived.
o The algorithm MUST allow a broad range of address-sharing ratios.
o It SHOULD be possible to exclude subsets of the complete port
numbering space from assignment. Most operators would exclude the system ports (0-1023). A conservative operator might exclude all but the transient ports (49152-65535).
o The effect of port exclusion on the possible values of the
End-user IPv6 prefix (i.e., due to restrictions on the PSID value) SHOULD be minimized.
o For administrative simplicity, the algorithm SHOULD allocate the
same or almost the same number of ports to each CE sharing a given IPv4 address.
The two extreme cases that an algorithm satisfying those conditions might support are when (1) the port numbers are not contiguous for each PSID but uniformly distributed across the allowed port range and (2) the port numbers are contiguous in a single range for each PSID. The port-mapping algorithm proposed here is called the Generalized Modulus Algorithm (GMA) and supports both of these cases.
For a given IPv4 address-sharing ratio (R) and the maximum number of contiguous ports (M) in a port set, the GMA is defined as follows:
a. The port numbers (P) corresponding to a given PSID are
generated by:
(1) ... P = (R * M) * i + M * PSID + j
where i and j are indices and the ranges of i, j, and the PSID are discussed below.
b. For any given port number P, the PSID is calculated as:
(2) ... PSID = trunc((P modulo (R * M)) / M)
where trunc() is the operation of rounding down to the nearest integer.
Formula (1) can be interpreted as follows. First, the available port space is divided into blocks of size R * M. Each block is divided into R individual ranges of length M. The index i in formula (1) selects a block, PSID selects a range within that block, and the index j selects a specific port value within the range. On the basis of this interpretation:
o i ranges from ceil(N / (R * M)) to trunc(65536/(R * M)) - 1, where
ceil is the operation of rounding up to the nearest integer and N is the number of ports (e.g., 1024) excluded from the lower end of the range. That is, any block containing excluded values is discarded at the lower end, and if the final block has fewer than R * M values it is discarded. This ensures that the same number of ports is assigned to every PSID.
o PSID ranges from 0 to R - 1.
o j ranges from 0 to M - 1.
B.1. Bit Representation of the Algorithm
If R and M are powers of 2 (R = 2^k, M = 2^m), formula (1) translates to a computationally convenient structure for any port number represented as a 16-bit binary number. This structure is shown in Figure 9.
0 8 15
+---------------+----------+------+-------------------+
| P |
----------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| i | PSID | j |
+---------------+----------+------+-------------------+
|<----a bits--->|<-----k bits---->|<------m bits----->|
Figure 9: Bit Representation of a Port Number
As shown in the figure, the index value i of formula (1) is given by the first a = 16 - k - m bits of the port number. The PSID value is given by the next k bits, and the index value j is given by the last m bits.
Because the PSID is always in the same position in the port number and always the same length, different PSID values are guaranteed to generate different sets of port numbers. In the reverse direction, the generating PSID can be extracted from any port number by a bitmask operation.
Note that when M and R are powers of 2, 65536 divides evenly by R * M. Hence, the final block is complete, and the upper bound on i is exactly 65536/(R * M) - 1. The lower bound on i is still the minimum required to ensure that the required set of ports is excluded. No port numbers are wasted through the discarding of blocks at the lower end if block size R * M is a factor of N, the number of ports to be excluded.
As a final note, the number of blocks into which the range 0-65535 is being divided in the above representation is given by 2^a. Hence, the case where a = 0 can be interpreted as one where the complete range has been divided into a single block, and individual port sets are contained in contiguous ranges in that block. We cannot throw away the whole block in that case, so port exclusion has to be achieved by putting a lower bound equal to ceil(N / M) on the allowed set of PSID values instead.
B.2. GMA Examples
For example, for R = 256, PSID = 0, offset: a = 6 and PSID length: k = 8 bits:
63488-63491, 64512-64515
Example 1: with offset = 6 (a = 6)
For example, for R = 64, PSID = 0, a = 0 (PSID offset = 0 and PSID length = 6 bits), no port exclusion:
Available ports (1 range): 0-1023
Example 2: with offset = 0 (a = 0) and N = 0
Acknowledgements
This document is based on the ideas of many, including Masakazu Asama, Mohamed Boucadair, Gang Chen, Maoke Chen, Wojciech Dec, Xiaohong Deng, Jouni Korhonen, Tomek Mrugalski, Jacni Qin, Chunfa Sun, Qiong Sun, and Leaf Yeh. The authors want in particular to recognize Remi Despres, who has tirelessly worked on generalized mechanisms for stateless address mapping.
The authors would like to thank Lichun Bao, Guillaume Gottard, Dan Wing, Jan Zorz, Necj Scoberne, Tina Tsou, Kristian Poscic, and especially Tom Taylor and Simon Perreault for the thorough review and comments of this document. Useful IETF Last Call comments were received from Brian Weis and Lei Yan.
Contributors
This document is the result of the IETF Softwire MAP design team effort and numerous previous individual contributions in this area:
Chongfeng Xie China Telecom Room 708, No. 118, Xizhimennei Street Beijing 100035 China Phone: +86-10-58552116 Email: [email protected]
Qiong Sun China Telecom Room 708, No. 118, Xizhimennei Street Beijing 100035 China Phone: +86-10-58552936 Email: [email protected]
Gang Chen China Mobile 29, Jinrong Avenue Xicheng District, Beijing 100033 China Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Yu Zhai CERNET Center/Tsinghua University Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Email: [email protected]
Wentao Shang CERNET Center/Tsinghua University Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Email: [email protected]
Guoliang Han CERNET Center/Tsinghua University Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Email: [email protected]
Rajiv Asati Cisco Systems 7025-6 Kit Creek Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 United States Email: [email protected]
Authors' Addresses
Ole Troan (editor) Cisco Systems Philip Pedersens vei 1 Lysaker 1366 Norway
Email: [email protected]
Wojciech Dec Cisco Systems Haarlerbergpark Haarlerbergweg 13-19 Amsterdam, NOORD-HOLLAND 1101 CH The Netherlands
Email: [email protected]
Xing Li CERNET Center/Tsinghua University Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
Email: [email protected]
Congxiao Bao CERNET Center/Tsinghua University Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
Email: [email protected]
Satoru Matsushima SoftBank Telecom 1-9-1 Higashi-Shinbashi, Munato-ku Tokyo Japan
Email: [email protected]
Tetsuya Murakami IP Infusion 1188 East Arques Avenue Sunnyvale, CA 94085 United States
Email: [email protected]
Tom Taylor (editor) Huawei Technologies Ottawa Canada
Email: [email protected]
